Area Under the Curve value

Phagocytosis rate increase. Polysaccharide fraction of the fruit, administered to adults at a concentration of 10 pg/mL, was active on polymorphonuclear leukocytes k Pharmacokinetics. Hexane extract of the fruit, administered rectally to 12 healthy male adults at a dose of 640 mg, produced bioavailability similar to that observed for the oral formulations. Extract, administered orally to healthy males at a dose of 320 mg (1 X 320 mg capsule, new formulation or 2 X 160 mg, reference preparation) for 1 month, produced a rapid absorption with a peak time (T J of 1.5-1.58 hour and peak plasma level (C J of 2.54-2.67 pg/mL. The area under the curve value ranged from 7.99 to 8.42 pg/hour/mL. The plasma concentration-time profile of both preparation was nearly identical. Both preparations can be considered as bioequivalenp Hexane ex-... 

Morphine and hydrocodone may increase plasma AUC (area under the curve) values of gabapentin and thus gabapentin plasma levels overtime... 

Fig. 9 Plasma salmon calcitonin concentrations after three oral doses of (400 gg, A 800 gg, T 1200 mg, ) and after a one-hour intravenous salmon calcitonin infusion (10 gg, ). Means SDs of log-transformed measurements in eight volunteers. The dotted lines indicate the average slope used to extrapolate area under the curve values to infinity at the lower doses. (From Ref., with permission from the copyright holder.)...

Candesartan cilexetil, losartan, and olmesartan differ from the other compounds in several respects. They are the only compounds with active metabolites, and they have the highest renal elimination of all of the agents. Product labeling indicates that renal impairment does not require a dosage reduction for losartan, but area under the curve values are increased by 50% in patients with ... 

Along with the curve fitting process, TableCurve also calculates the area under the curve. According to the previous discussion, this is the entropy of the test substance, lead. To find the integral, click on the numeric at the left of the desktop and find 65.06 as the area under the curve over the range of x. The literature value depends slightly on the source one value (CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics) is 64.8 J K mol. ... 

From Table 2.26b the area under the normal curve from — 1.5cr to -I- 1.5cr is 0.866, meaning that 86.6% of the measurements will fall within the range 30.00 0.45 and 13.4% will lie outside this range. Half of these measurements, 6.7%, will be less than 29.55 and a similar percentage will exceed 30.45. In actuality the uncertainty in z is about 1 in 15 therefore, the value of z could lie between 1.4 and 1.6 the corresponding areas under the curve could lie between 84% and 89%. 

Note that /4 = 0 when capillary condensation is complete.) Integration by measurement of the area under the curve of ln(p°/p) against n between the stated limits therefore gives the value of A, which is the area of the walls of the cores, not of the pores (cf. Fig. 3.28). 

To convert the core area into the pore area ( = specific surface, if the external area is negligible) necessitates the use of a conversion factor R which is a function not only of the pore model but also of both r and t (cf. p. 148). Thus, successive increments of the area under the curve have to be corrected, each with its appropriate value of R. For the commonly used cylindrical model,... 

By using vapor-liquid equilibrium data the above integral can be evaluated numerically. A graphical method is also possible, where a plot of l/(y - xj versus Xr is prepared and the area under the curve over the limits between the initial and fmal mole fraction is determined. However, for special cases the integration can be done analytically. If pressure is constant, the temperature change in the still is small, and the vapor-liquid equilibrium values (K-values, defined as K=y/x for each component) are independent from composition, integration of the Rayleigh equation yields ... 

Due to its nature, random error cannot be eliminated by calibration. Hence, the only way to deal with it is to assess its probable value and present this measurement inaccuracy with the measurement result. This requires a basic statistical manipulation of the normal distribution, as the random error is normally close to the normal distribution. Figure 12.10 shows a frequency histogram of a repeated measurement and the normal distribution f(x) based on the sample mean and variance. The total area under the curve represents the probability of all possible measured results and thus has the value of unity. 

Radiation heat flux is graphically represented as a function of time in Figure 8.3. The total amount of radiation heat from a surface can be found by integration of the radiation heat flux over the time of flame propagation, that is, the area under the curve. This result is probably an overstatement of realistic values, because the flame will probably not bum as a closed front. Instead, it will consist of several plumes which might reach heights in excess of those assumed in the model but will nevertheless probably produce less flame radiation. Moreover, the flame will not bum as a plane surface but more in the shape of a horseshoe. Finally, wind will have a considerable influence on flame shape and cloud position. None of these eflects has been taken into account. 

The area under the curve between Xgo and is the value of the integrtil. Plot the equilibrium curve for the more volatile component on x - y diagram as shown in Figure 8-33. Then, select values of xd from the operating line hav ing the constant slope, L/V, from equation... 

A measure of the actual amount of drug in the body can be obtained from the area under the curve of the temporal concentration curve (calculated by integration). Interestingly, the temporal behavior of a drug can be extremely important in therapeutics. For example, consider three preparations of a drug that present identical values for area under the curve (i.e., amount of drug absorbed) but have different kinetics of absorption (Figure 8.23). As shown, preparation B produces a useful profile whereby the concentration exceeds the minimal effective concentration... 

Figure 9-8. Top Loss functiun of highly textural liexuphenyl films for different values of niomcmut transfer parallel to the molecular axis. The tines connect plasinons related to (he same excitation. Bo tom Loss function of textured hexaphenyt films for different values of momentum transfer pcrpcndii. ular to the molecular axis. In both graphs tire spectra were uorinali/al lo obtain equal areas under the curves between 6 and 8 cV - taken front Kef. 1138].

A plot of 1 /(Hj - Ha) and Ho is now made, as shown in Figure 13.20 from which the area under the curve = 0.65. This value may be checked using the approximate solution of Carey and Williamson 1-1. ... 

A table of cumulative probabilities (CP) lists an area of 0.975002 for z -1.96, that is 0.025 (2.5%) of the total area under the curve is found between +1.96 standard deviations and +°°. Because of the symmetry of the normal distribution function, the same applies for negative z-values. Together p = 2 0.025 = 0.05 of the area, read probability of observation, is outside the 95% confidence limits (outside the 95% confidence interval of -1.96 Sx. .. + 1.96 Sx). The answer to the preceding questions is thus... 

Fq values may be calculated either from the area under the curve of a plot of autoclave temperature against time constructed using special chart paper on which the temperature scale is modified to take into account the progressively greater lethality of higher temperatures, or by use of the equation below ... 

The AUC is a measure of bioavailability, i.e. the amount of substance in the central compartment that is available to the organism. It takes a maximal value under intravenous administration, and is usually less after oral administration or parenteral injection (such as under the skin or in muscle). In the latter cases, losses occur in the gut and at the injection sites. The definition also shows that for a constant dose D, the area under the curve varies inversely with the rate of elimination kp and with the volume of distribution V. Figure 39.6 illustrates schematically the different cases that can be obtained by varying the volume of distribution Vp and the rate of elimination k both on linear and semilogarithmic diagrams. These diagrams show that the slope (time course) of the curves are governed by the rate of elimination and that elevation (amplitude) of the curve is determined by the volume of distribution. 

Basically, the tabled values represent area (proportions or probability) associated with a scaling variable designated by Z in Fig. 3-64. The normal curve is centered at 0, and for particular values of Z, designated as z, the tabulated numbers represent the corresponding area under the curve between 0 and z. For example, between 0 and 1 the area is. 3413. (Get this number from Table 3-5. The value of A includes the area on both sides of zero. Thus we want A/2. Forz = l, A = 0.6827, A/2 = 0.3413. For z = 2, A/2 = 0.4772.) The area between 0 and 2 is. 4772 therefore, the area between 1 and 2 is. 4772 -. 3413 =. 1359. 

We usually want to determine the total flow rate (Q) through the conduit rather than the velocity at a point. This can be done by using Eq. (10-1) or Eq. (10-2) if the local velocity is measured at a sufficient number of radial points across the conduit to enable accurate evaluation of the integral. For example, the integral in Eq. (10-2) could be evaluated by plotting the measured v(r) values as v(r) vs. r2, or as rv(r) vs. r [in accordance with either the first or second form of Eq. (10-2), respectively], and the area under the curve from r = 0 to r = R could be determined numerically. 

Ward et al. [125] investigated the disposition of 14C-radiolabeled primaquine in the isolated perfused rat liver preparation, after the administration of 0.5, 1.5, and 5 mg doses of the drug. The pharmacokinetics of primaquine in the experimental model was dependent on dose size. Increasing the dose from 0.5 to 5 mg produced a significant reduction in clearance from 11.6 to 2.9 mL/min. This decrease was accompanied by a disproportionate increase in the value of the area under the curve from 25.4 to 1128.6 pg/mL, elimination half-life from 33.2 to 413 min, and volume of distribution from 547.7 to 1489 mL. Primaquine exhibited dose dependency in its pattern of metabolism. While the carboxylic acid derivative of primaquine was not detected perfusate after the 0.5 mg dose, it was the principal perfusate metabolite after 5 mg dose. Primaquine was subject to extensive biliary excretion at all doses, the total amount of 14C-radioactivity excreted in the bile decreased from 60 to 30%i as the dose of primaquine was increased from 0.5 to 5 mg. 

Singhasivanon et al. [131] investigated the pharmacokinetics of primaquine in eight healthy subjects (four males and four females). The volunteers received 15 mg base of primaquine daily for 14 days. The results showed that the concentrationtime profiles in whole blood and in plasma were similar. The mean values ( SD) of the area under the curve of the last dose were significantly decreased when compared to the values of the first dose both in the whole blood and in plasma. 

A complete set of measurements from the extensogram will give the energy, i.e. the area under the curve, the resistance to extension, the extensibility and the maximum, i.e. the deflection when the dough broke. The ratio of the extensibility to resistance and the ratio of extensibility to maximum are calculated. The Extensograph-E is set up to calculate these values directly. 

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