Aqueous surfactant system

Mukeqee P and Mysels K J 1970 Critical Micelle Concentrations of Aqueous Surfactant Systems (National Standard Reference Data System, National Bureau of Standards Circular No 36) (Springfield, VA National Teehnieal Information Serviee)... 

Mukerjee, P Mysels, K.J. "Critical Micelle Concentration of Aqueous Surfactant Systems" NSRDS-NBS 36, US Nat. Bur. Stand., 1971. 

The presence of pre-adsorbed polyacrylic acid significantly reduces the adsorption of sodium dodecylsulfonate on hematite from dilute acidic solutions. Nonionic polyacrylamide was found to have a much lesser effect on the adsorption of sulfonate. The isotherm for sulfonate adsorption in absence of polymer on positively charged hematite exhibits the typical three regions characteristic of physical adsorption in aqueous surfactant systems. Adsorption behavior of the sulfonate and polymer is related to electrokinetic potentials in this system. Contact angle measurements on a hematite disk in sulfonate solutions revealed that pre-adsorption of polymer resulted in reduced surface hydrophobicity. 

A paper contributed by J. E. Desnoyers, R. Beaudoin, C. Roux, and C. Perron described the use of microemulsions as a possible tool for the extraction of oil from tar sands. Using a technique called flow microcalorimetry recently developed at the University of Sherbrooke, these researchers studied the structure and stability of organic microphases in aqueous media. These microphases can be stabilized by surfactants and can dissolve large quantities of oil. In a similar vein, D. F. Gerson, J. E. Zajic, and M. D. Ouchi (University of Western Ontario) described the extraction of bitumen from Athabasca tar sands by a combined solvent-aqueous-surfactant system. 

In the real world, soluble organic materials may be present in the aqueous surfactant system. As with micelles, it is important to know how these affect mixed admicelle formation and how well these organics are solubilized in the admicelle (adsolubi1ized). 

P. Mukerjee and M. J. Mysels, Critical Micelle Concentration of Aqueous Surfactant Systems, NSROS-NBS 36, U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 1971. 

Hill, H.J., Reisberg, J. Stegemeier, G. L. (1973). Aqueous surfactant systems for oil recovery. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 25, 186-94. 

There have been very few studies on the kinetics of micellization in block copolymer solutions. Micellization in aqueous surfactant systems close to equilibrium occurs on a time-scale far below one second. Experimental results obtained by fast reaction techniques, such as temperature jumps or pressure jumps or steady-state methods such as ultrasonic absorption, NMR and ESR, show that at least... 

Mukerjee, P., and K. Mysels. 1967. Critical micelle concentration of aqueous surfactants systems, National Bureau of Standard Reference Data Series. NSDRS-BS, 36, National Bureau of Standards, Washington D.C. 

The many remarkable physico-chemical properties of aqueous surfactant systems, as well as their numerous practical applications, can be referred to the tendency of the nonpolar groups to avoid contact with water at the same time as the polar part tends to be strongly hydrated. The adsorption of surfactants at interfaces between aqueous solutions and air, another liquid phase or a solid is one consequence of this, the extensive aggregation into various types of large aggregates termed micelles — from lat. micella meaning small bit — and liquid crystalline phases is another. 

Mukerjee, P., Mysels, K. J. Critical micelle concentrations of aqueous surfactant systems. NSRDS-NBS 36. Washington, D. S. U. S. Governement Printing Office 1971... 

The phase diagrams of aqueous surfactant systems provide information on the physical science of these systems which is both useful industrially and interesting academically (1). Phase information is thermodynamic in nature. It describes the range of system variables (composition, temperature, and pressure) wherein smooth variations occur in the thermodynamic density variables (enthalpy, free energy, etc.), for macroscopic systems at equilibrium. The boundaries in phase diagrams signify the loci of system variables where discontinuities in these thermodynamic variables exist (2). 

MARCOTT ET AL. Phase Behavior in Aqueous Surfactant Systems... 

Mukerjee, P. andMysels, K.J. (1971) Critical Micelle Concentrations of Aqueous Surfactant Systems. NSRDS-NBS 36, Washington, DC. 

Mukerjee, P. Mysels, K. "Critical Micelle Concentrations of Aqueous Surfactant Systems" National Standards Reference Data Series, Vol. 36, National Bureau of Standards Washington, D.C., 1971. 

Glinsmann, G.R., 1978. Aqueous surfactant systems for in situ multiphase microemulsion formation. US Patent 4,125,156, 14 November. 

In this chapter the main aim is to present partition coefficients for solutes in aqueous surfactant systems, having carried out a critical evaluation of the data. We concentrate on polar solutes. Energetics of solubilization and solubilization sites in the micelles are also discussed. 

Plots that show the conditions (temperature, composition) at which various phases exist in a system are known as phase diagrams. Figure 3-4 is one type of phase diagram showing the effects of temperature and surfactant concentration on the various solution phases of an aqueous surfactant system. The order of the various liquid crystal phases with increase in surfactarfl concentration—micellar => hexagonal => bicontinuous cubic => lamellar—is found in many surfactant systems. 

In contrast to the formation of microemulsions from aqueous surfactant systems and oily soils during the cleaning process, less basic research has been carried out on micro emulsions as a direct cleaning medium [ 80 ]. Some examples will be presented in the following sections. 

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