APPs

Solution Decisions can be made based on the economic potential of the process (see App. A). At this stage, the best we can do is to define the economic potential (EP) as... [Pg.17]

Raw materials costs dominate the operating costs of most processes (see App. A). Also, if raw materials are not used efficiently, this creates waste, which then becomes an environmental problem. It is therefore important to have a measure of the efficiency of raw materials use. The process yield is defined as... [Pg.122]

The effect of individual stream film transfer coefficients can be included using the following expression, which is derived in App. [Pg.217]

Equation (7.12) is derived in App. C. Practical designs will be limited to some fraction of P ax, that is,... [Pg.225]

A simple algorithm can be developed (see App. E) to target the minimum total number of shells (as a real, i.e., noninteger number) for a stream set based on the temperature distribution of the composite curves. The algorithm starts by dividing the composite... [Pg.227]

Heat exchanger cost data usually can be manipulated such that the fixed costs, represented by the coefficient a in Eq. (7.20), do not vary with exchanger specification. If this is done, then Eq. (7.6), as derived in App. F, can be modified to ... [Pg.229]

Increasing the chosen value of process energy consumption also increases all temperature differences available for heat recovery and hence decreases the necessary heat exchanger surface area (see Fig. 6.6). The network area can be distributed over the targeted number of units or shells to obtain a capital cost using Eq. (7.21). This capital cost can be annualized as detailed in App. A. The annualized capital cost can be traded off against the annual utility cost as shown in Fig. 6.6. The total cost shows a minimum at the optimal energy consumption. [Pg.233]

Optimization of the system can be carried out by minimizing a cost function or maximizing economic potential EP defined by (see App. A)... [Pg.241]

All these variables must be varied in order to minimize the total cost or maximize the economic potential (see App. A). This is a... [Pg.251]

To establish the shells target, the composite curves are first divided into vertical enthalpy intervals as done for the area target algorithm. It was shown in App. B that it is always possible to design a network for an enthalpy interval with (5, -1) matches, with each match having the same temperature profile as the enthalpy interval. [Pg.437]

A fractal surface of dimension D = 2.5 would show an apparent area A app that varies with the cross-sectional area a of the adsorbate molecules used to cover it. Derive the equation relating 31 app and a. Calculate the value of the constant in this equation for 3l app in and a in A /molecule if 1 /tmol of molecules of 18 A cross section will cover the surface. What would A app be if molecules of A were used ... [Pg.286]

Eckbreth A C, Dobbs G M, Stufflebeam J H and Tellex P A 1984 CARS temperature and species measurements in augmented jet engine exhausts App/. Opt. 23 1328-39... [Pg.1232]

Xu B, Flu Q and Mellooh M R 1997 Eleotrioally pumped tunable terahertz emitter based on inter-subband transitions App/. Rhys. Lett. 71 440-2... [Pg.1260]

Subpicosecond carrier lifetime in GaAs grown by MBE at low temperatures App/. Rhys. Lett. 59 3276-8... [Pg.1261]

Thundat T, Zheng X-Y, Chen G Y, Sharp S L, Warmack R J and Schowalter L J 1993 Characterization of atomic force microscope tips by adhesion force measurements App/. Phys. Lett. 63 2150... [Pg.1724]

Guenther P, Fischer U Ch and Dransfeld K 1989 Scanning near-field acoustic microscopy Appl. Phys. B 48 89 Williams C C and Wickramasinghe FI K 1986 Scanning thermal profiler App/. Phys. Lett. 49 1587... [Pg.1730]

Horn R G and Smith D T 1991 Anaiyticai soiution for the three-iayer muitipie beam interferometer App/. Opt. 30 59-65... [Pg.1748]

Farreii B, Baiiey A i and Chapman D 1995 Experimentai phase changes at the mica-siiver interface iiiustrate the experimentai accuracy of the centrai fiim thickness in a symmetricai three-iayer interferometer App/. Opt. 34 2914-20... [Pg.1748]

Bradshaw A M 1982 Vibrational speotrosoopy of adsorbed atoms and moleoules App/. Surf. Sci. 11/12 712-29... [Pg.1796]

Ishida FI, Ishino Y, Bui]s FI, Tripp C and Dignam M J 1987 Polarization-modulation FT-IR refleotion speotrosoopy using a polarizing Miohelson interferometer App/. Spectrosc. 1288-94... [Pg.1796]

Yamaguchl S and Hamaguchl H 1995 Convenient method of measuring the chirp structure of femtosecond white-light continuum pulses App/. Spectrosc. 49 1513-15... [Pg.1997]

Heinzelmann H and Pohl D W 1994 Seanning near-field optioal mieroseopy App/. Phys. A 59 89-101... [Pg.2504]

Kneipp K, Kneipp H, Deinum G, Itzkan I, Dasari R R and Feld M S 1998 Single-molecule detection of a cyanine dye in silver colloidal solution using near-infrared surface-enhanced Raman scattering App/. Spectrosc. 52 175-8... [Pg.2506]

Blanton S A, Hines M A and Guyot-Sionnest P 1996 Photoluminescence wandering in single CdSe nanocrystals App/. Phys. Lett. 69 3905-7... [Pg.2510]

Clark N A and Lagerwall S T 1980 Submicrosecond bistable electro-optic switching in liquid crystals App/. Phys. Lett. 36 899-901... [Pg.2571]

Doane J W 1986 Field controlled light scattering from nematic micro droplets App/. Phys. Lett. 48 269-71... [Pg.2571]

Ghiradella H 1991 Light and color on the wing structural colors in butterflies and moths App/. Opt. 30 3492-500... [Pg.2847]

Brus L E 1993 NATO ASI School on Nanophase Materials ed G C Had]lpanayls (Dordrecht Kluwer) Allvisatos A P 1996 Semiconductor clusters, nanocrystals and quantum dots Science 271 933 Heath J R and Shlang J J 1998 Covalency In semiconductor quantum dots Chem. See. Rev. 27 65 Brus L 1998 Chemical approaches to semiconductor nanocrystals J. Phys. Chem. Solids 59 459 Brus L 1991 Quantum crystallites and nonlinear optics App/. Phys. A 53 465... [Pg.2921]

Gillis H P, Choutov D A, Steiner P A IV, Piper J D, Crouch J H, Dove P M and Martin K P 1995 Low energy electron enhanced etching of Si(IOO) in hydrogen-helium DC plasma App/. Phys. Lett. 66 2475-7... [Pg.2943]

Creighton J R 1994 Surface stoichiometry and the roie of adsorbates during GaAs atomic iayer epitaxy App/. Surf. Sc/. 82/83 171 -9... [Pg.2944]

Ott A W, McCariey K C, Kiaus J W, Way J D and George S M 1996 Atomic iayer controiied deposition of Ai203 fiims using binary reaction sequence chemistry App/. Surf. Sc/. 106 128-36... [Pg.2944]

Margottin-Maclou M, Doyennette L and Henry L 1971 Relaxation of vibrational energy in carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide App/. Opt. 10 1768-80... [Pg.3015]

C. S. Peskin and T. Schlick. Molecular dynamics by the backwsird Euler s method. Comm. Pure App. Math., 42 1001-1031, 1989. [Pg.260]

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