Approaching reading

Although this chapter is primarily designed to help with the books and articles that you will need to read as part of your studies, in order to write more effectively there is another important way of thinking about reading that we want you to consider. As an effective writer, you are also a reader not only of other authors work but also of your own. Any of the techniques that you learn in order to approach published, written texts can also be used to edit and work on your own writing. This will enable you to make sure that what you write will make sense to the person who is reading it, your tutor. We will return to this in Chapter 8. 

I knew it wasn t really the right book but I couldn t get hold of anything else because I d left it a bit late and all the copies of the book that I really needed had gone by the time I got to the library. 

Note down other up-to-date references tutors mention in lectures. 

Ask other students on your course (remember to work together as much as possible). 

Use highlighters and different coloured pens to mark your own copy. 

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J. N. Butlet, Ionic Equilibrium A Mathematical Approach. Reading, MA Addison-Wesley, 1964. 

Butler, J.N., 1964, Ionic Equilibrium, a Mathematical Approach Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 547 pp. 

John Cantwell, Multinational Corporations and Innovatory Activities Towards a New, Evolutionary Approach (Reading Discussion Papers in Economics no. 172, University of Reading, Department of Economics, 1993), p. 6f... 

We follow here the presentation provided by H.A. Buchdahl, The Concepts of Classical Thermodynamics (Cambridge University Press, 1966) Chapters 5,6. If you are interested in a greatly expanded procedure and in a detailed exposition of Caratheodory s elegant approach, read Chapter 9. 

Since the first formulation of the MO-LCAO finite basis approach to molecular Ilartree-Pock calculations, computer applications of the method have conventionally been implemented as a two-step process. In the first of these steps a (large) number of integrals — mostly two-electron integrals — arc calculated and stored on external storage. Th e second step then con sists of the iterative solution of the Roothaan equations, where the integrals from the first step arc read once for every iteration. 

When you are ready to start, cover the first page with a card and pull it down to reveal the first frame. Read and act on that frame, then reveal frame 2 and so on. If you are unfamiliar with the disconnection approach, I suggest you read the introduction Wby bother with disconnections so that you can see what I m driving at. Otherwise the first sections of the programme may seem rather pointless. 

Read a recent article from the column Analytical Approach, published in Analytical Chemistry, or an article assigned by your instructor, and write an essay summarizing the nature of the problem and how it was solved. As a guide, refer back to Figure 1.3 for one model of the analytical approach. 

Butler, J. N. Ionic Equilibria A Mathematical Approach. Addison-Wesley Reading, MA, 1964. 

An alternative approach to peptide sequencing uses a dry method in which the whole sequence is obtained from a mass spectrum, thereby obviating the need for multiple reactions. Mass spec-trometrically, a chain of amino acids breaks down predominantly through cleavage of the amide bonds, similar to the result of chemical hydrolysis. From the mass spectrum, identification of the molecular ion, which gives the total molecular mass, followed by examination of the spectrum for characteristic fragment ions representing successive amino acid residues allows the sequence to be read off in the most favorable cases. 

However, interpretation of, or even obtaining, the mass spectrum of a peptide can be difficult, and many techniques have been introduced to overcome such difficulties. These techniques include modifying the side chains in the peptide and protecting the N- and C-terminals by special groups. Despite many advances made by these approaches, it is not always easy to read the sequence from the mass spectrum because some amide bond cleavages are less easy than others and give little information. To overcome this problem, tandem mass spectrometry has been applied to this dry approach to peptide sequencing with considerable success. Further, electrospray ionization has been used to determine the molecular masses of proteins and peptides with unprecedented accuracy. 

In discussing Fig. 4.1 we noted that the apparent location of Tg is dependent on the time allowed for the specific volume measurements. Volume contractions occur for a long time below Tg The lower the temperature, the longer it takes to reach an equilibrium volume. It is the equilibrium volume which should be used in the representation summarized by Fig. 4.15. In actual practice, what is often done is to allow a convenient and standardized time between changing the temperature and reading the volume. Instead of directly tackling the rate of collapse of free volume, we shall approach this subject empirically, using a property which we have previously described in terms of free volume, namely, viscosity. 

Spectroscopy (Royal Society of Chemistry, 2002) approaches the subject at a simpler level than Modern Spectroscopy, being fairly non-mathematical and including many worked problems. Neither book is included in the bibliography but each is recommended as additional reading, depending on the level required. 

Information may be stored in the architecture of the receptor, in its binding sites, and in the ligand layer surrounding the bound substrate such as specified in Table 1. It is read out at the rate of formation and dissociation of the receptor—substrate complex (14). The success of this approach to molecular recognition ties in estabUshing a precise complementarity between the associating partners, ie, optimal information content of a receptor with respect to a given substrate. 

E. Eukushima and S. B. W. Roeder, Experimental Pulse NMRs ANuts andBolts Approach, Addison-Wesley Pubhshing Co., Inc., Reading, Mass., 1981. 

L. A. Gordon and G. E. Piuches, Improving Capital Budgeting A Dedsion Support System Approach, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass., 1984. 

Clouds of Nonblack Particles The correction for nonblackness of the particles is complicated by multiple scatter of the radiation reflected by each particle. The emissivity . of a cloud of gray particles of individual surface emissivity 1 can be estimated by the use of Eq. (5-151), with its exponent multiplied by 1, if the optical thickness alv)L does not exceed about 2. Modified Eq. (5-151) would predict an approach of . to 1 as L 0°, an impossibihty in a scattering system the asymptotic value of . can be read from Fig. 5-14 as /, with albedo (0 given by particle-surface refleclance 1 — 1. Particles with a perimeter lying between 0.5 and 5 times the wavelength of interest can be handledwith difficulty by use of the Mie equations (see Hottel and Sarofim, op. cit., chaps. 12 and 13). 

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