Applications of Surface Activity

There are numerous surfactant applications. Cahn and Lynn [49] list about 50 types. Most of these applications can be classified in terms of surfactant action to promote emulsification, foaming, flotation, suspension, detergency or wetting. 

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Kirchherg, H., and Wottgen, L., The Effect of Phosphorus and Antimony Surfactants on Cassiterite Flotation, Chemistry, Physics and Application of Surface Active Substances, London, pp. 693-704, 1976. 

Application of surface active agents has demonstrated that kerogen forms a protective coating around the mineral matrix. This coating impedes the contacting of mineral with leachable liquid (1) and may be the primary cause of the impermeability and stress properties of the oil shale (2). 

Tauer, K. and Kosmella, S. (1993) Synthesis, characterisation and application of surface active initiators. Polym. Int., 30, 253. 

D. Platikanov and E. Manev, in Chemistry, Physics and Application of Surface Active... 

Craven, B. R., and Datyner, A. (1967b). In Chemistry, Physics and Application of Surface Active Substances. Proceedings of the IVth International Congress on Surface Active Substances, Brussels, 7-12 September, 1964 (C. Paquot, ed.), Vol. 3, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, New York, pp. 545-554. Craven, B. R., Datyner, A., and Doyle, T. P. (1968). Australian J. Chem. 21, 1007. Crematy, E., and Alexander, A. E. (1967). Tetrahedron Letters 5271. 

Emulsification is one of the most important applications of surface-active agents in pharmaceutical systems. The phenomenon has been extensively studied and many books and chapters of books have been devoted to the subject. 

Aoki M, Kameta A, Yoshioka I, Matsuzaki T. Application of surface active agents to pharmaceutical preparations I effect of Tween 20 upon the antifungal activities of p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters in solubilized preparations [in Japanese]. / Pharm Soc Jpn 1956 76 939-943. 

Llopis, J., Albert, A., Saiz, J.L. and Alonso, D. (1973) in Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Applications of Surface Active Substances, Vol. 2, pp. 339-350, Carl Hanser, Munich. 

Mihones Trillo, J., Garcia Fernandez, S. and Sanz Pedrero, P. (1968) in Chemistry, Physics and Practical Applications of Surface Active Substances, Vol. 2, Part 1 (P. Desnuelle, Ed.), pp. 405-411, Unidas, Barcelona. 

With such molecular mobility, it is clear that the surface of a pure liquid offers httle resistance to forces that may act to change its shape. That is, there will be very little viscous or elastic resistance to the deformation of the surface. An important consequence of that fact is that a pure liquid does not support a foam for more than a small fraction of a second (see Chapter 12). A similar situation exists at the liquid-liquid interface. As we shall see in later chapters, the highly mobile nature of liquid interfaces has significant implications for many technological applications such as emulsions and foams, and forms the basis for many of the most important applications of surface-active materials or surfactants. 

Gotte E. Chemistry, physics and application of surface active substances. Proc. IVth Int. Congr. on Surface Active Substances, Brussels, 1964, Vol III, 5.83. 

E. Davidson and J. J. Kipling, in Chemistry, Physics and Application of Surface Active Substances, Proceedings of the International Congress on Surface Active Substances, 4th, Brussels, 1964 , ed. F. Asinger, Gordon and Breach, London, 1967, vol. B, p. 1029. 

C. A. Smolders, in "Physics and Physical Chemistry of Surface Active Substances" J. Th. G Overbeek, Editor, Chemistry Physics and Applications of Surface Active Substances, Vol II, pp. 343-348, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, London 1965. 

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