Applications of paper chromatography

The literature on analytical methods and on the investigation of natural compounds shows that there are hardly any fields in which paper chromatography has not found some use, although it was most widely employed in separations of a biochemical nature. 

Since the early 1970s paper chromatography has gradually given way to thin layer though it still offers a few advantages in comparison to TLC, for instance, in cost, effectiveness in separating polar and water-soluble compounds and without elaborate modification continuous development 

1 Clinical and biochemical. Separation of amino acids and peptides is regularly carried out to aid in the investigation of protein structures. Routine examination of urine and other body fluids for amino acids and sugars (this is most important, as it can be used for diagnosis of a number of pathological conditions, with the standard map technique). Separation of purine bases and nucleotides in the examination of nucleic acids. Separation of steroids. 

2 General analytical. General analytical applications include, analysis of polymers, detection and estimation of metals in soils and geological specimens, investigation of phenolic materials in plant extracts, separation of alkaloids and separation of radioisotopically labelled compounds. 

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In recent years, it has become fashionable to determine the composition of honey, and in the current literature are many reports dealing with the compositional aspects of honey from various parts of the world.65-73 It is, however, regrettable that application of paper chromatography, which has played an outstanding role in the development of carbohydrate chemistry, has not yet been fully explored in... 

Application of paper chromatography to analysis of explosives, such as substituted trinitrobenzenes, is described in Ref 98 and... 

De Whalley and his coworkers have made extensive studies on the application of paper chromatography to raffinose. To separate raffinose from large proportions of sucrose, a 1-butanol-benzene-pyridine-water solvent was used.140 81 To avoid pyridine, a 1-propanol-ethyl acetate-water mixture was recommended.141 As a color reagent, a-naph-thol-phosphoric acid was used. In this manner, less than 1 % of raffinose in cane sugar could be separated and determined. Partial hydrolysis of the raffinose, using invertase directly on the filter paper, proved useful in some instances.93 142 Melibiose was then detected with 3,5-dinitrosali-cylate142 or with diethyl-p-phenylenediamine sulfite.93... 

Alston, R.E. and Turner, B.L. (1959) Applications of paper chromatography to sys-tematics recombination of parental biochemical components in a Baptisia hybrid population. Nature, 184, 285-6. 

For this reason, the number of quantitative applications in comparison to the described separation possibilities and qualitative analyses is relatively small. Distribution chromatographic separations at cellulose are carried out mostly at layers on plates today. In Table 3.3.1 publications are compared, which review the applications of paper chromatography to various materials such as minerals, food, biological... 

Agrinier, H. Application of paper-chromatography for the determination of trace elements in geological materials. Dosage Elem. Etat Traces Roches Autres Subst Miner. Nat. Actes Colloq. 1968, 309 (1970) Ref. C. A. 75, 104 750j (1971)... 

Menge, P., Unger, E., Zeitler, G, For application of paper-chromatography for enrichment of trace elements in the geochemistry. Mikrochim. Acta 852 (1969)... 

B33. Bray, H. G., Thorpe, W. V., and White, K., The fate of certain organic acids and amides in the rabbit. 10. The application of paper chromatography to metabolic studies of hydroxybenzoic acids and amides. Biochem. J. 46, 271 (1950). 

Space limitations preclude an exhaustive review of all applications of paper chromatography and the presentation of detailed procedures. The literature includes many thousands of references describing separations and determinations of all types of organic and inorganic mixtures, so that scientists interested in a particular... 

Applications of paper chromatography to various classes of compounds... 

Wheeler [1] has reviewed the available literature on the applications of paper chromatography in the examination of polymers for antioxidants (Table 6.1). He points out that, as most antioxidants are highly polar, they cannot be efficiently separated on normal paper except by the use of highly polar mobile phases. Consequently reversed-paper chromatography [2-5] or acetylated papers [6-9] have been used to reduce the effects of tailing . Various workers have discussed the determination of antioxidants in rubber extracts [10-14]. 

Examples of Application of Paper Chromatography for Identification of Phenols... 

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