Apple bruises

Colorless gas or liquid with an odor like ether. The odor has also been described as sweet and reminiscent of bruised apples. Industrially, it can be found diluted with a variety of gases including carbon dioxide, fluorocarbon 12, and nitrogen. This material is hazardous through inhalation, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Exposure to high vapor concentrations or direct contact with liquid may cause burns to the eyes and skin. 

Fig. 1. (Left) MR image of bruises (white area on top and bottom) in Red Delicious apples. (Right) The corresponding optical micrograph. Reprinted with permission from Chen et al.

Bruises are clearly visible in NMR images of apples, peach, Asian pear, and onion [14]. A relatively new bruise is brighter than the surrounding tissue due to a decrease in the magnetic susceptibility variations in the tissue. This decrease is a result of cell damage and subsequent diffusion of moisture into air pockets in the tissue of fruit [15]. However, the very old bruise does not show up as a brighter region, but instead appears darker because of dehydration[14]. 

Why Do Bruised or Cut Fruits (Bananas, Apples) Get Brown Food-Info.Net. Wageningen University, The Netherlands. Available online. URL http //www.food-info.net/uk/qa/qa-fp 138. htm. Accessed Dec. 17, 2006. 

Lu, R. (2003) Detection of bruises on apples using near-infrared hyperspectral imaging. Trans. ASAE 46(2), 523-30. 

Figure 12.3. Internal bmising affects texture and acceptability of fruits but is hardly detected by inspection of the outer surface. Nondestructive visualization of internal bruising in a single apple by MRI. Above. Sections at time 0. Below. Evolution after 10 days.

Acetaldehyde Overripe bruised apples, nutty, sherry-like... 

Take of Thorn apple seeds bruised, two ounces. Diluted alcohol, one pint. 

Xing, J., Bravo, G., Moshou, D Ramon, H. and DeBaerdemaeker,. (2006) Bruise detection on golden delicious apples by vis/NIR spectroscopy. Comput. Electr. Agric., 52,11-20. 

The same very basic one-band InGaAs camera system was also used in the ASTEQ project [17] to detect bruises on bicolored Jormagold apples (Figure 8.6). 

When bruise causes damage to the internal structure of the apple flesh, the cells are destroyed and the cytoplasm invades the intercellular space this leads to a change in diffusion and absorption coefficients, creating easily detected black spots. 

Another defect, which is more difficult to detect than bruises, is bitter pit this appears as a subsurface necrosis of apple tissues, as spots of 2-5 mm diameter. Bitter pit appears as white spots in NIR images, as do old bruises showing dehydration (see Figure 8.7). 

Development of a computerized method to visualize bruises in apples. Magnetic Resonance Images [66]... 

Xing, J., Saeys, W, and De Baerdemaeker, J. (2007). Combination of chemometric tools and image processing for bruise detection on apples. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 56(1), 1-13. 

A slightly bruised apple will rot extensively in about 4 days at room temperature (20°C). If it is kept in the refrigerator at 0°C, the same extent of rotting takes about 16 days. What is the activation energy for the rotting reaction ... 

Acetaldehyde OT Green apples, raw appleskin, bruised apples. (Acetaldehyde)... 

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