Apolar polymeric solvents

To achieve high fidelity imprints, it was desirable to have as apolar a solvent as possible, but CAP was not sufficiently soluble in dodecanol alone. So enough octanol was added until CAP dissolved. It was also found that lower polymerization temperatures resulted in stronger complexes, so the mixtures were polymerized at 50°C for 24 h. 

Two-shot techniques for acyclic diene metathesis, 435-445 for polyamides, 149-164 for polyimides, 287-300 for polyurethanes, 241-246 for transition metal coupling, 483-490 Anionic deactivation, 360 Anionic polymerization, 149, 174 of lactam, 177-178 Apolar solvents, 90 Aprotic polar solvents, 185, 338 Aprotic solvents, low-temperature condensation in, 302 Aqueous coating formulations, 235 Aqueous polyoxymethylene glycol, depolymerization of, 377 Aqueous systems, 206 Ardel, 20, 22... 

In order to keep polyamides soluble in relatively apolar solvents, the use of flexible (macro)monomers such as a, co-(diaminopropyl)polydimethylsiloxane [52] or oligoethyleneglycol-based diamines [53, 54] has been proven to be a successful approach (Fig. 10). Poly condensations of dimethyl adipate with a variety of diamines were successful in bulk and at moderate temperatures between 60 and 100 °C (reaction A in Fig. 10). The low temperatures (60-100 °C) that suffice in these polymerizations also allow the use of monomers that are thermally instable, such as diethyl fumarate [53]. Moreover, multifunctional amines could be regioselectively polymerized up to molecular weights of 9 kDa, making lipase catalysts a valuable tool for the preparation of well-defined polyamides that can be further functionalized with active groups. 

In the absence of coordinating solvents like ethers, most organomagnesium compounds tend to form polymeric structures. Microcrystalline solids or viscous liquids are generally obtained on desolvation of organomagnesium ether complexes, which are almost insoluble in apolar (non-... 

Ringsdorf and co-workers have shown that triphenylenes can form alternating donor—acceptor supramolecular polymers in solution by doping them with equimolar amounts of electron acceptors.128129 Supramolecular polymers formed in this manner allow for electron transfer perpendicular to the molecular planes upon excitation of the chromophores, i.e., unidirectional charge-transport through the column. 130 The formation of these donor—acceptor pairs is favored in apolar solvents. In more polar solvents the triphenylenes alone do not polymerize and consequently donor—acceptor polymers with low DP are formed. 

The hydrophobic effect can be described in a broad sense as a type of non-specific apolar bonding between catalyst and substrate. These hydrophobic interactions, especially in an aqueous environment, have been predominant in determining the efficiency of the catalysts.(8,10,12) Toward this end, considerable effort on our part has been directed toward the preparation of polymeric catalysts that contain pendant imidazole groups and apolar bonding sites that are soluble in highly aqueous solvent systems. 

Oxidation of phenols. Oxidation of phenols in apolar solvents with lead dioxide gives mainly polymeric ethers.1 However, oxidation in polar solvents (acetic acid and formic acid) yields diphenoquinones and p-benzoquinones almost exclusively.2... 

A remarkable increase in rate and enantioselectivity has been observed for reactions in water upon addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate or in the presence of polymerized micelles124. Quite promising results have recently been obtained with a ruthenium complex derived from sulfonated BINAP in a two-phase system, comprising of an apolar solvent such as chloroform/ cyclohexane and porous glass covered by a thin film of ethylene glvcol containing the catalyst125. 

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