Apartheid

The widespread miscegenation of a society that was formally dedicated to quasi-apartheid created some extraordinarily complex relationships and a special legal class of mixed-race African Americans, many of whom were light-skinned, educated, prosperous, and, like Norbert and his mother, free. 

The production of FT fuels from coal in South Africa started in the mid 1950s and was extended in the early 1980s when South Africa was embargoed for its apartheid regime. 

Ibid., p. 50 Douglass Massey and Nancy Denton, American Apartheid Segregation and the Making of the Underclass (Cambridge Harvard University Press, 1993), pp. 51-54. 

Residential Apartheid The American Legacy. Los Angeles UCLA... 

In South Africa, the end of agricultural farming and post-Apartheid, moved "black" people to periurban settlements (Lyne and Darroch, 2003). The latter is also as a result of urbanization. This situation limits... 

Black, A. 1993. The Role of the State in Promoting Industrialisation Selective Intervention, Trade Orientation and Concessionary Industrial Finance. In State and Markets in Post-Apartheid South Africa, edited by M. Lipton and C. Simkins, 203-234. Johannesburg Wits University Press. 

The Fischer-Tropsch process converts synthesis gas into hydrocarbon products. It was extensively used by Germany in the Second World War and developed in South Africa during the Apartheid years. It is now subject to extensive research and development for the conversion of coal into liquid fuels as an alternative to crude oil. The general process flow-sheet is shown in Figure 11.4. 

The Republic of South Africa (RSA) has a most diverse health care environment, with world-class practice and facilities in wealthy urban areas and some of the most primitive care in poor remote villages, with a vast array between these extremes. Primary care is now the focus of the ANC government in an effort to correct years of neglect and undemocratic practices under the earlier apartheid-oriented regimes. Public health services are being brought to the Black townships as rapidly as resources permit. ... 

The RSA Department of Health (DOH) has totally restructured the previous apartheid system of racial and provincial health systems into a coordinated national health program operated through health regions and local health districts. Still, there are major differences in knowledge, education, expectations, and wealth within different subpopulations. ... 

Many other large-scale resettlement schemes can be subjected to much the same analysis. If, in the Tanzanian case, Chinese and Russian models as well as Marxist-Leninist rhetoric play an important ideological role, we should not imagine that these were the only sources of inspiration for such schemes. We could as easily have examined the huge forced removals under apartheid policies in South Africa, which were far more brutal and economically destructive. We could also have analyzed any number of the many large-scale capitalist schemes for... 

Special Features Human rights for employees and in communities where companies operate. The Sullivan Global Principles were instrumental in building corporate opposition to South African Apartheid. They were recognized by the UN Secretary General as promoting CSR. More than 100 of the world s leading companies so far have endorsed the Principles. 

Somehow Tenderness Survives Stories of Southern Africa edited by Hazel Rochman Stories of growing up under apartheid. 

Another alternative to attain synthetic liquid fuels is the coal-to-liquid route achieved through the Fischer-Tropsch process [ 108], a proven technology for which raw materials are plentiful and available almost anywhere. Therefore, it is very likely that this technology will be used to provide some of the liquid fuel in the future. Nevertheless, it first has to be overcome some of its current drawbacks, e.g. relatively high costs and serious ecological concerns. For this reason, this technology has only been used at an industrial level up to now in countries with restricted economies such as World War II Germany or South Africa under apartheid. 

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