Anxiety disorders with depression

Up to 30% of COPD patients suffer from anxiety disorder or depression, and should be treated with conventional pharmacotherapy. 

Schneier, F. R., Blanco, C., Campeas, R., Lewis-Fernandez, R. el al. (2003). Citalopram treatment of social anxiety disorder with comorbid major depression. Depress. Anxiety, 17, 191-6. 

Patients with anxiety and depression often have bowel symptoms. Gorad et al. compared 21 psychiatric outpatients with generalized anxiety disorders and depression with an equal number of healthy controls. Whole-gut transit time (WGTT) was measured using abdominal radiography after ingestion of radioopaque markers, and found to be shorter in patients with anxiety (mean 14 h ... 

Sramek, J.J., Tansman, M., Suri, A., Hornig-Rohan, M., Amsterdam, J.D., Stahl, S.M., Weisler, R.H. and Cutler, N. R. (1996) Efficacy of buspirone in generalized anxiety disorder with coexisting mild depressive symptoms. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 57, 287-291. 

Anxiety For the management of anxiety disorders or for the short-term relief of the symptoms of anxiety (anxiety associated with depression is also responsive) (alprazolam immediate-release and intensol, clorazepate, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, lorazepam, oxazepam) for the management of anxiety, tension, agitation, and irritability in older patients (oxazepam). 

MAPROTILINE HYDROCHLORIDE For the treatment of depressive illness in patients with depressive neurosis (dysthymic disorder) and manic-depressive illness, depressed type (major depressive disorder) also effective for the relief of anxiety associated with depression. 

Mendlewicz J, Papdimitriou G, Wilmotte J (1993) Family study of panic disorder comparison with generalized anxiety disorder, major depression and normal subjects. Psychiatr Genet 3 73-78... 

In another study, Lieb et al. (2002) confirmed the cross-aggregation of anxiety disorders and depression by showing that offspring of parents with depressive disorders have not only an elevated risk for depressive disorders but also for anxiety disorders. Considering parental comorbidity, the crossaggregation between parental depression and general anxiety disorder in off-... 

Wittchen HU, Kessler RC, Pfister H, HOfler M, Lieb R (2000a) Why do people with anxiety disorders become depressed A prospective-longitudinal community study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 102(Suppl 406) 14-23... 

Approximately three-quarters of children with OCD have comorbid diagnoses. These include tic disorders (24%-30%) and mood disorders, especially major depression (26%-29%). Riddle and colleagues (1990) found that 38% of children with OCD have other anxiety disorders, while Swedo (1989) more specifically identified increased rates of simple phobias (17%), overanxious disorder (16%), and separation anxiety disorder (7%). Other reported comorbidities include specific developmental disabilities, adjustment disorder with depressed mood, oppositional defiant disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder, and enuresis/encopresis (Swedo et ah, 1989b Riddle et ah, 1990). 

A typical example of diagnostic splintering provides the group of mood disorders. One reads about major depression, minor depression, double depression, dysthymia, unipolar and bipolar depression, depressive personality, depression not otherwise specified, brief recurrent depression, subsyndromal symptomatic depression, mixed anxiety depression disorder, seasonal depression, and adjustment disorder with depressive mood. 

It is used in anxiety disorders or anxiety associated with depressive symptoms, as pre-surgical medication. 

In addition, Nakao et al. have examined the effects of mood states on persistent versus temporary hypercholesterolemia in students entering a university [29]. They found that depressive mood appeared to relate to hypercholesterolemia when the university students were screened with tension-anxiety, depression, anger-hostility, vigor, fatigue, and confusion scales [29]. In children, after covariance adjustment for age, race, and sex, Glueck et al. pointed out that children having adjustment disorders with depression had much lower covariance-adjusted TC values than control... 

Papadimitriou GN, Linkowski P, Kerkhofs M, Kempenaers C, Mendlewicz J (1988) Sleep EEG recordings in generalized anxiety disorder with significant depression. J Affect Disord 15 113-118... 

In general, anxiety disorders are a group of heterogeneous illnesses that develop before age 30 and are more common in women, individuals with social issues, and those with a family history of anxiety and depression. Patients often develop another anxiety disorder, major depression, or substance abuse. The clinical picture of mixed anxiety and depression is much more common than an isolated anxiety disorder. ... 

I RCTs have demonstrated efficacy of TCAs for anxiety associated with depression, GAD, panic disorder (clomipramine, imipramine) and OCD (clomipramine only). 

Several selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), including escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and sertraline (Fig. 22.21), are effective as first-line treatment cf seme anxiety disorders, with the purported advantage that they lack the addictive preperties cf benzediazepines (135). Specifically, the SSRIs have been shown to be effective in obsessive-ccmpulsive diserder (139), panic disorder (140), and social phobia (141). The mechanism of action of these agents in anxiety may differ with their role in the treatment of depression however,... 

Anxiety disorders and insomnia represent relatively common medical problems within the general population. These problems typically recur over a person s lifetime (3,4). Epidemiological studies in the United States indicate that the lifetime prevalence for significant anxiety disorders is about 15%. Anxiety disorders are serious medical problems affecting not only quaUty of life, but additionally may indirecdy result in considerable morbidity owing to association with depression, cardiovascular disease, suicidal behavior, and substance-related disorders. 

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