Antiviral drugs antiretroviral

A. Oseltamivir inhibits neuraminidase, an enzyme that cleaves neuraminic acid from oligosaccharides. Neuraminidase activity aids the movement of viral particles through neuraminic acid-rich respiratory secretions and is required for the release of progeny virions. Inhibition of viral DNA polymerase is the mechanism of action of nucleoside analogue antiviral drugs. Interferons do stimulate the JAK-STAT signaling pathway but do not stimulate proliferation of immune cells. Ribavirin inhibits GTP synthesis, and the antiretroviral protease inhibitors (e.g., ritonavir) inhibit HIV protease. 

Viral retinitis may be caused by herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), adenovirus, and varicella zoster virus. With the highly active antiretroviral therapy (see Chapter 50), CMV retinitis does not appear to progress when specific anti-CMV therapy is discontinued, but some patients develop an immune recovery uveitis. Treatment usually involves long-term parenteral administration of antiviral drugs. Intravitreal administration of ganciclovir has been found to be an effective... 

Hoetelmans RM (1999) Pharmacology of antiretroviral drugs. Antivir Ther 4(Suppl 3) 29 1 Hoffman NG, Schiffer CA, Swanstrom R (2003) Covariation of amino add positions in HlV-1 protease. Virology 314 536-548... 

In several studies on the antiviral effects of NO on HIV-1 infection, the proviral or antiviral effects of NO seem to be strictly related to the active production of NO during HIV-1 infection. The universal speculative interpretation of the dichotomous effect of NO is that overproduction of this substance, especially in the primary infection and in late stages of the disease, leads to active viral replication with consequent harmful effects on the course of the disease. Conversely, low production of NO may cause a reduction in or inhibition of HIV-1 replication, especially during the symptomless stage of the disease, or during treatment with highly active combined antiretroviral drugs. 

Garlic is one of the most common botanical remedies used by patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), probably because of to the antiviral claim associated with its consumption, as well as the possibility of lowering total serum cholesterol, which could counteract the common side effect of hypercholesterolemia associated with the use of antiretroviral drug regimens. 

DRUGS TO TREAT INFECTIONS ANTIVIRALS - ANTIRETROVIRALS Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors... 

Primary drug Secondary drug ANTIVIRALS - ANTIRETROVIRALS Effect Mechanism Precautions... 

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