Antipsychotic drugs schizophrenia

Bou KhaUl R. Atypical antipsychotic drugs, schizophrenia, and metabolic S)mdrome in non-Euro-American societies. CUn Neuropharmacol 2012 35(3) 141-7. 

In summary, antipsychotic drugs have a significant impact on the acute resolution and the maintenance of remission of symptoms of schizophrenia, enabling focus on rehabilitation efforts directed at residual cognitive, social, and occupational disabilities. The... 

The advent of novel atypical antipsychotic drugs has sharpened the debate in the UK about the cost burden of schizophrenia to the National Health Service (NHS) and the relative cost-effectiveness of these drugs. Schizophrenia has a prevalence of about 0.5% and a lifetime risk of 1%. Because the disease affects adolescents and has a lifetime course associated with a high degree of hospital and social... 

Although atypical antipsychotic agents may cost several times as much as traditional antipsychotics, drug costs in schizophrenia account for only 1-4% of the total treatment cost (Knapp, 1997). The argument then is that a small increase in drug costs— say to 10% of total cost—may result in disproportionate savings in the highly expensive direct hospital costs, if clinical trial... 

Revicki DA (1999). Pharmacoeconomic studies of atypical antipsychotic drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res33 (suppL), slOl-9. 

Lieberman JA, Stroup TS, McEvoy JP, et al. Clinical antipsychotic trials of intervention effectiveness (CATIE) investigators. Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in people with chronic schizophrenia. N Engl J Med 2005 353 1209-1223. 

Lee, C. et al. (2006). Treatment with olanzapine, risperidone or typical antipsychotic drugs in Asian patients with schizophrenia. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry, 40, 437-45. 

Kaiser etal. (2000) DRD4 (48-bp repeat) Typical antipsychotic drugs, clozapine No association. Schizophrenia Caucasian... 

Joober etal. (1999) HTR2A (T102C) Typical antipsychotic drugs Trend toward association between C/C genotype and poor response among Schizophrenia Caucasian... 

Psychopharmaco-epidemiology investigation in China in 2002 showed that the first six antipsychotic drugs used for schizophrenia were clozapine, risperidone,... 

Voruganti, L. N. P. 8t Awad, A. G. (2002). Personal evaluation of transitions in treatment (PETiT) a scale to measure subjective aspects of antipsychotic drug therapy in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res., 56, 37-46. 

Chong, M. Y., Tan, C. H., Fujii, S. et al. (2004). Antipsychotic drug prescription for schizophrenia in East Asia rationale for change. Psychiatry Clin. Neuroscl, 58(1), 61-7. 

Figure 12.1 Cost of atypical antipsychotic drugs (clozapine and risperidone) in each country/territory for patients with schizophrenia...

Intramuscular (IM) Into skeletal muscle. This route is used to deliver depot antipsychotic drugs like fluphenazine and haloperidol decanoate, which are used in the treatment of schizophrenia. 

Clozapine is the prototype of atypical antipsychotic drugs, and it has been used effectively to treat patients with schizophrenia who are unresponsive or intolerant to typical antipsychotics [7]. Clozapine is characterized as atypical by its preferential binding to serotonin (5-HT2) and dopamine D4 receptors (D4) relative to dopamine D2 receptors [8]. A recent body of work also suggests that atypicality may be defined by the rate at which clozapine dissociates from D2 receptors. Specifically, clo-... 

Current treatment of schizophrenia relies on atypical antipsychotic drugs 876... 

The positive symptoms are the most responsive to antipsychotic medications, such as chlorpromazine or halo-peridol. Initially, these drugs were thought to be specific for schizophrenia. However, psychosis is not unique to schizophrenia, and frequently occurs in bipolar disorder and in severe major depressive disorder in which paranoid delusions and auditory hallucinations are not uncommon (see Ch. 55). Furthermore, in spite of early hopes based on the efficacy of antipsychotic drugs in treating the positive symptoms, few patients are restored to their previous level of function with the typical antipsychotic medications [2]. 

The typical antipsychotic drugs, which for 50 years have been the mainstay of treatment of schizophrenia, as well as of psychosis that occurs secondary to bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder, affect primarily the positive symptoms[10]. The behavioral symptoms, such as agitation or profound withdrawal, that accompany psychosis, respond to the antipsychotic drugs within a period of hours to days after the initiation of treatment. The cognitive aspects of psychosis, such as the delusions and hallucinations, however, tend to resolve more slowly. In fact, for many patients the hallucinations and delusions may persist but lose their emotional salience and intrusiveness. The positive symptoms tend to wax and wane over time, are exacerbated by stress, and generally become less prominent as the patient becomes older. 

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