Antiphospholipid syndrome primary

Thrombocytopenia. Abnormal decrease in the number of thrombocytes below normal values. Frequently detected in patients with autoimmune diseases (e.g. systemic lupus erythematosus, -Sjogren syndrome, mixed connective tissue disease, antiphospholipid syndrome). Primary forms may be drug induced ( - heparin-induced thrombocytopenia) or mediated by antiplatelet antibodies ( - idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura). 

Antiphospholipid syndrome is a disorder of recurrent arterial or venous thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, or a positive Coombs test, and in women recurrent idiopathic fetal loss, associated with raised concentrations of antiphospholipid antibodies. In systemic lupus erythematosus, the risk of this syndrome is about 40%, compared with a risk of 15% in the absence of antiphospholipid antibodies (539). However, only half of those with antiphospholipid antibodies have systemic lupus erythematosus, and the overall risk of the syndrome is about 30%. In patients who have antiphospholipid antibodies associated with chlorpromazine, there appears to be no increased risk of the syndrome. In contrast, in the primary antiphospholipid syndrome, the only clinical manifestations are the features of this syndrome. 

Kalashnikova LA, Nasonov EL, Stoyanovich LZ et al. (1994). Sneddon s syndrome and the primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Cerebrovascular Diseases 4 76-82 Kanter MC, Hart RG (1991). Neurologic complications of infective endocarditis. Neurology 41 1015-1020 Kaposzta Z, Young E, Bath PMW et al. (1999). Clinical application of asymptomatic embolic signal detection in acute stroke a prospective study. Stroke 30 1814-1818 Katzav A, Chapman J, Shoenfeld Y (2003). 

Blank M, Krause I, Buskila D, Teitelbaum D, Kopolovic J, Afek A, Goldberg I, Shoenfeld Y (1995) Bromocriptine immunomodulation of experimental SLE and primary antiphospholipid syndrome via induction of nonspecific T suppressor cells. Cell Immunol, 162 114-122. 

Asherson RA, Khamashta MA, Gil A, Vazquez JJ, Chan O, Baguley E, Hughes GR Cerebrovascular disease and antiphosphoUpid antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus, lupus-tike disease, and the primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Am J Med 1989 86 pp. 391-399. 

Alves, J. D. and Ames, P. R. J. Atherosclerosis, oxidative stress and auto-antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus and primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Jumi nobiojo 207, 23-8, 2003. 

A 46-year-old man with chronic hepatitis C developed antiphospholipid syndrome after taking peginterferon alfa -I- ribavirin for 12 weeks the presentation was primary adrenal insufficiency secondary to bilateral adrenal hematoma and subclavian vein thrombosis [55 ]. 

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