Antineoplast and Immunosuppressants

This chapter has mainly focused on the categories of compounds used to address various medical conditions, their mode of action, and side effects. UntH recently, research on the use of PPCPs has mainly focused on their beneficial and adverse effects on the end users— both humans and livestock. The mode of action of these compounds in these target organisms has mostly been well studied, with little regard to whether similar targets exist in lower vertebrates and invertebrates. 

To address the issues of PPCPs in the environment, we need a profound understanding of the process of how they get into the environment and characterize how the ecosystem that receives those emissions is impacted. We have blindly embraced every PPCP that comes on the market without seriously considering its direct and indirect effects on the ecosystem. We need a better understanding of the risks associated with the use of PPCPs and possibly minimize or even substitute the most risky ones with alternative cousins that may have co-equal or even better efficacy but with less potency in the environment. To attain that, the medical/health care community has to join the growing list of multidisciplinary stakeholders to address issues of PPCPs in the environment. The occurrence of PPCPs and their persistence, impacts, and remedial actions are discussed in subsequent chapters. 

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A. G. Sartorelli and D.G. Johns, Antineoplastic and Immunosuppressive Agents (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1975). 

B-75MI40900 G. A. Le Page in Antineoplastic and Immunosuppressive Agents, Part IT, ed. 

Antineoplastic and immunosuppressant drugs and drugs used in palliative care... 

Matalon S, Ornoy A, and Lishner M (2004) Review of the potential effects of three commonly used antineoplastic and immunosuppressive drugs (cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, doxorubicin on the embryo and placenta). Reproductive Toxicology 18 219-230. 

J. Skoda, Azapyrimidine, Nucleoside, In Antineoplastic and Immunosuppressive Agents... 

SC Harvey, Antineoplastic and Immunosuppressive Drugs. In Remington s The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st Ed., Vol. I II, Easton Pennsylvania, Mac Publishing Company,... 

Price CC. Chemistry of alkylation. In Sartorelli AC, Johns DG, eds. Antineoplastic and Immunosuppressive Agents, Part II—Handbuch der Experimentellen Pharmakologie, vol 38, Berlin Springer-Verlag, 1975, pp. 1-5. 

C5 H,9N0,3, Mr914.19, cryst., mp. 183-185°C, [aJu -58.2° (CH3OH), a 31-membered peptide lactone in which a long-chain carboxylic acid is cyclized with l- pipecolic acid as a bridge and produced by Strepto-myces hygroscopicus. R. has antifungal, antineoplastic, and immunosuppressive activities, it is structurally related to FK-506 and exhibits a similar mechanism of action in the development of the immune response. R. was first marketed in 1999 in combination with cyclosporin and tacrolimus for use in transplantation medicine. The first total synthesis of R. was realized in 1993. 

Agrawal, K. and Sartorelli, A. (1975)3 Antineoplastic and Immunosuppressive Agents, (ed. Sartorelli, A. and Johns, C.), Berlin Springer. 

Goldin, A. Carter, S. and Mantel, N. (1974). In Antineoplastic and Immunosuppressive Agents. Eds. Sartorelli, A and John, D. G., Springer Verlag. Berlin Heidelberg. New York. Part 1. 12. 

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