Speciation antimony

De La Caele-Guntinas MB, Madrid Y, and Camara C (1995) Antimony speciation in water. In Quevauviller Ph, Maier EA and Griepink B, eds. Quality assurance for environmental analysis, pp 264-283. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 

In comparison with other elements, there is only a small amount of information on the environmental chemistry of antimony. The reasons for this are the low environmental concentrations of antimony and the lack of analytical techniques that are sufficiently sensitive for antimony speciation. The toxicity and physiological behaviour of antimony depend upon its oxidation state, with Sbm being more biologically active than Sbv. For speciation work, the objectives of many analytical methods have been the determination of Sbm and total antimony, with Sbv being calculated by difference. Most of the information about chemical speciation of antimony in the environment has been obtained from analyses of natural and polluted waters. 

Smichowski, P., Madrid, Y., Camara, C. Analytical methods for antimony speciation in waters at trace and ultratrace levels. A review. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 360, 623-629 (1998)... 

Separation equipment such as HPLC or CE has been coupled to atomic spectrometers via USNs to enable the determination of inorganic and organometallic analytes. Thus, antimony speciation analysis — inorganic Sb(lll) and Sb(V), as well as TMSbCl2 — was accomplished by separation by anion exchange chromatography and subsequent insertion of the eluent into the plasma of an ICP-MS instrument using USNn [28]. 

Spectrophotometric methods for antimony speciation in waters using cationic dyes were reviewed [2]. Possible methods for preconcentration were suggested. N,N -diphenylbenzamidine and Brilliant Green in an aeidic non-ionic micellar media were used in chemical speciation and determination of Sb in fresh ground water and waste water [3]. 

Zheng, J., Ohata, M., and Furuta, N. (2000). Antimony speciation in environmental samples by using high-performance liquid-chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Anal Sci. Int.J.Jpn. Soc.Anal. Chem. 16(1), 75. 

H. Matusiewicz and M. Krawczyk, Determination of total antimony and inorganic antimony species by hydride generation in situ trapping flame atomic absorption spectrometry a new way to (ultra)trace speciation analysis, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 23, 2008, 43-53. 

Chikhalikar et al. [ 18,19] have discussed the speciation of antimony in soil extracts and soils. Asami et al. [20] have reviewed methods for the determination of antimony in soils. 

Chikhalikar et al. [18] have studied the speciation of thallium (and antimony) in soil. Lukaszewski and Zembrzuski [221] and Sagar [222] have discussed the determination of thallium in soils. 

Of the elements considered in this study (see Table II), nickel, palladium, antimony, and lead are particularly sensitive to the presence of reduced sulfur species (S2, HS") in the groundwater. For each of these radionuclides, if sulfur speciates under thermodynamic equilibrium conditions, solid sulfide phases will control their solubility at low Eh values. The implication of this fact is illustrated in Figure 1 by a bold, dashed line that corresponds to the solubility of nickel in the reference groundwater and a patterned zone representing the total range... 

Mohammad, B., Ure, A.M., Reglinski,J. and Littlejohn, D. (1990) Speciation of antimony in natural waters the determination of Sb(III) and Sb(V) by continuous flow hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrometry. Chem. Spec. Bioavail., 3, 117-122. 

Apte, S.C., Howard, A.G., Morris, R.J. and McCartney, M.J. (1986) Arsenic, antimony and selenium speciation during a spring phytoplankton bloom in a closed experimental ecosystem. Mar. Client., 20, 119-130. 

Ulrich, N. 1998. Speciation of antimony(IH), antimony(V) and trimethylstiboxide by ion chromatography with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometric and mass spectrometric detection. Anal. Chim. Acta 359 245-253. 

Speciation studies have been focused on relatively few elements, mainly aluminum, antimony, arsenic, chromium, lead, mercury, selenium, and tin. The primary species of these elements studied with ICP-MS detection are presented in Table 3 and they include different oxidation states, alkylated metal and/or metalloid compounds, selenoaminoacids, and selenopeptides. In addition, applications in studies of the pharmacokinetics of metal-based drugs (Pt, V, Au), metalloporphyrins (Ni, V, Fe, etc.), heavy metals in phytochelatins (Cd, Cu, Zn, Hg, etc.) and in humic substances should be mentioned. 

In Vienna a case of chronic antimony poisoning occurred in a house with silk curtains containing a mordant with a compound of antimony. A series of experiments was performed to detect the possible formation of volatile compounds of antimony, but the speciation of the volatile antimony compound has been unsuccessful . 

Fuentes, E., Pinochet, H., De Gregori, L, and Potin-Gautier, M. (2003). Redox speciation analysis of antimony in soil extracts by hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Spectrochim. Acta B 58, 1279-1289. 

More recently for ultratrace determination and speciation of antimony compounds the so-called hyphenated instrumental techniques have been applied which combine adequate separation devices with suitable element-specific detectors. They include high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) connected on-line with heated graphite furnace (HGF) AAS (HPLC-HGF-AAS), hydride-generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HPLC-HG-AFS) or inductively coupled plasma (ICP) mass spectrometry (MS) (HPLC-ICP-MS) capillary electrophoresis (CE) connected to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (CE-ICP-MS) and gas chromatography (GC) coupled with the same detectors as with HPLC. Reliable speciation of antimony compounds is still hampered by such problems as extractability of the element, preservation of its species information, and availability of Sb standard compounds (Nash et al. 2000, Krachler etal. 2001). Variants of anodic stripping voltammetry for speciation of antimony have also been applied (Quentel and Eilella 2002). 

Nash et al. (2000) (Methodologies for determination of antimony in terrestrial environmental samples). The review by Tolg (1987) (Extreme trace analysis of the elements -the state of the art today and tomorrow) is an insightful review by an experienced trace analyst concentrating on atomic spec-trometric methods including AAS, OES, XRE, MS with many variants of excitation. A table is provided comparing the capability of determinative methods listing the method, the specific technique, limit of determination, matrix effects, multielement determination, and speciation analysis. Methods compared include AAS, ZAAS, OES-DCP, OES-ICP, OES-MIP, OES-HC, EANES, AES, XRS, MS, NAA, voltammetry, LAS and fluorimetry. 

Figure 4 (A) Arsenate (As(V)) and arsenite (As(lll)), and (B) monomethylarsenate (MMAs) and dimethylarsenate (DMAs) in the North Pacific Ocean, 30°46 N, 163°30 W. (Data from Andrese MO (1979) Arsenic speciation in seawater and interstitial waters the influence of biological-chemical interactions on the chemistry of a frace element. Limnology and Oceanography 24 440-452.) (0) Dissolved antimony(lll) (Sb(lll)) and monomethyl antimonate (MMSb), and (D) antimony(V) in the South Atlantic Ocean, 17°S, 25°W. (Data from Cutter GA, Cutter LS, Featherstone AM and Lohrenz SE (2001). Antimony and arsenic biogeochemistry in the western Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Research, in press.)...

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