Anticholinergics solanaceous alkaloids

The pronounced pharmacological activity associated with the tropine and scopine skeletons prompted the synthesis of a number of semi-synthetic derivatives of the solanaceous alkaloids in which various other acids were substituted for tropic acid [390]. Anticholinergic activity was evident in many of these synthetic atropine-like molecules, but only two, benztropin (Cogentin, Cobrentin, 7) and ethylbenzatropin (Ponalide, 8), have found clinical use in Parkinsonism. Neither the latter nor tigloidine (9), originally isolated from... 

A. Alkaloids 1. Belladonna-type solanaceous tropane alkaloids [Atropine (1), (—)-Hyoscyamine (2), Scopolamine ((—)-Hysoscine)(3)] Atropa belladonna L. (belladonna), Datura metel L., D. stramonium L. (jimson weed), Hyoscyamus niger L. (henbane), Mandragora officinarum L. (European mandrake), and other solanaceous species Anticholinergics (parasympatholytics)... 

Tropane alkaloids, such as hyoscyamine and/or scopolamine, occur in the solanaceous plants Atropa belladonna, Datura stramonium, Hyoscyamus niger, and Mandragora officinarum. These alkaloids are powerful anticholinergic agents and can elicit peripheral symptoms (for example blurred vision, dry mouth) as well as central effects (for example drowsiness, delirium). They can potentiate the effects of anticholinergic medicaments. 

Hyoscyamine (18) is produced in the roots of Datura (Solanaceae), but not in the leaves. This is the most common alkaloid in solanaceous plants (Cordell, 1978). This alkaloid inhibits germination of certain seeds, inhibits radicle growth in Linum, and is toxic to Lemna (Wink, 1993). Hyoscyamine, usually obtained from Hyoscyamus species) is a powerful anticholinergic drug. Hyoscyamine is a feeding deterrent for several insects (Wink, 1993). 

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