Antibiotics streptogramins

Trade names Pristinamycine Pyostacine (Sanofi-Aventis) Indications Staphylococcal streptococcal infections Category Antibiotic, streptogramin Half-life 4.03 2.77 hours... 

This section covers compounds that were reported relatively recently. The mechanism of action of these compounds is reasonably understood. The compounds in this section have been sorted by their biological activity and their potential utility in the clinic. The class of compounds include immunosuppressants (rapamycin and FK506), antitumor agents (geldanamycin to echinomycin), antiinflammatory agents (efomycin), antiobesity agents (lipstatin), and antibiotics (streptogramins to platensimycin). 

Resistance to Lincomycin. Resistance to lincomycin is developed slowly, and is usually caused by modification of 23S ribosomal RNA, which leads to co-resistance to macroHde, lincosaminide, and streptogramin B antibiotics (25). Inactivation of lincomycin by clinical isolates of strains of Staphjlococcus aureus and Staphjlococcus haemoljticus, though retention of sensitivity to macroHdes (see Antibiotics, macrolides) and streptogramins (see Antibiotics, peptides), has been found to be the consequence of the conversion of the antibiotic into its 3-(5 -adenylate) (26). 

Leclercq R, Courvalin P (1991) Bacterial resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin antibiotics by target modification. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 35 1267-1272... 

Resistance to streptogramin type B antibiotics can be mediated in staphylococci and enterococci by plasmids carrying a vgb gene [2]. The Vgb enzyme is a lyase that linearizes the cyclic hexadepsipeptide by cleavage of the ester bond via an elimination reaction. 

Acetyl-CoA is also utilized as a cofactor to modify chloramphenicol by O-acetyltranferases (CATs). These enzymes have been found in many different bacterial genera and are usually plasmid encoded in clinical isolates. Furthermore, streptogramin type A antibiotics are acetylatedby Vat enzymes that occur on plasmids in staphylococci and enterococci. 

Another example of macrocyclic RCM with a diene-ene was disclosed in 2000 by Meyers and coworkers in the first total synthesis of griseoviridin (223) [ 107]. Griseoviridin is a highly complex member of the family of streptogramin antibiotics, featuring a 23-membered unsaturated bis-lactam core incorporat-... 

Johnston NJ, Mnkhtar TA, Wright GD. (2002) Streptogramin Antibiotics Mode of action and resistance. Curr Drug Targets 3 335-344. 

Mabe S, Champney WS. (2005) A comparison of a new oral streptogramin XRP 2868 with qninnpristindalfopristin against antibiotic-resistant strains of Haemophilus Influenzae, Staphylococcus Aureus, and Streptococcus Pneumoniae. Curr Microbiol 51 363-366. 

As a group, the protein biosynthesis inhibitors comprise the second largest class of antibiotics available for clinical use. Natural product classes of antibiotics that inhibit the protein biosynthesis are aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides, lincosamides, fusidic acid, streptogramins and mupirocin (Fig. 7). 

Macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins are protein biosynthesis inhibitors that bind to 50S subunit of the ribosome and inhibit peptidyl tRNA translocation from the A-site to the P-site." Macrolides have a glycosylated 14-, 15- or 16-membered lactone ring structure and are produced by several species of Streptomyces. Lincosamide antibiotics were isolated initially from Streptomyces lincolnensis but later isolated from different species of Streptomcyces. Streptogramins were also isolated from Streptomycesgraminofaciens and subsequently from several different Streptomyces species. There are two structurally different streptogramins, A and B they are bacteriostatic individually and can be bactericidal when combined. 

Resistance to Lincomycin. Resistance to lincomycin is developed slowly, and is usually caused by modification of 23S ribosomal RNA, w hich leads to coresistance to tnacrolide, lincosaminide, and streptogramin B antibiotics. 

Pechere J-C (1996) Streptogramins a unique class of antibiotics. Drugs 51(Suppl 1), 13-19. 

Link, N., W. Weber, and M. Fussenegger. 2007. A novel generic dipstick-based technology for rapid and precise detection of tetracycline, streptogramin and macrolide antibiotics in food samples. J. Biotechnol. 128 668-680. 

B. Group A Peptide Antibiotics of the Mikamycin/Streptogramin/Virginiamycin Family... 

The lincosamides, lincomycin and clindamycin are active against Grampositive bacteria. Plasmid-mediated inactivation from enzymatic nucleo-tidylation occurs in some staphylococci. Plasmid-encoded enzymes can modify streptogramin A (O-acetyltransferase enzyme) and streptogramin B (hydrolase enzyme involved) in S. aureus [198, 199], There is no evidence that bacteria can circumvent the action of other antibiotics for example, mupirocin is not degraded [200]. 

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