Antibiofilm

Venkatesh, M., Rong, L., Raad, I., Versalovic, J. Novel synergistic antibiofilm combinations for salvage of infected catheters. J Med Microbiol 58 (2009) 936-944. 

Core-Shell Metal Fluoride, 93 MgF2 Nanoparticles as Novel Antibiofilm Agents, 95... 

MgF2 Coating Provides Long-Lasting Antibiofilm Activity, 98 Conclusions, 100... 

Thus, the main inspiration for researchers is to develop a simple general synthetic method that can yield nanometal fluorides of a desired form with wide appUcation. In this chapter we focus our attention on the preparation of various types of nanofluorides with different morphologies and their biological application in the field of biofilms, specifically the use of Mgp2 nanoparticles as novel antibiofilm agents. 

Figure 4.17 Antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of Mgp2 NPs in solution. (Top) E. coli and (Bottom) S. aureus. Concentrations of nanoparticles in the bacterial broth medium range fiom 12 mg/ml (which contains approx. 1.7 p-g/ml of F ) to 23.4 p.g/ml (which contains approx. 3.4ng/ml of F ). Mg " - and F -treated controls are also presented at the highest tested concentration.

We also utilized scanning electron microscopy to evaluate the morphology of E. coli and S. aureus biofilms and the effect the coated surfaces have on biofilm formation. As presented in Figure 4.20, dense bacterial colonization can be seen in the untreated glass controls while no biofilm formation is observed ion coated surfaces. These results suggest that Mgp2 nanoparticles are extremely effective antibiofilm agents. 

S. Sawant, V. Selvaraj, V. Prabhawathi, M. Doble, Antibiofilm properties of silver and gold incorporated PU, PCLm, PC and PMMA nanocomposites under two shear conditions, PLoS one 8 (5) (2013) 1-9, e63311. 

It is important to note that antimicrobial and biofilm resistance are two different characteristics though some materials show both properties at the same time. Antimicrobial materials do not automatically prevent biofilm formation and vice versa. Antimicrobial surfaces could kill bacteria on contact but if dead bacteria cell debris blocks the active biocidal surface, biofilm formation could eventually occur. For example, quaternary anunonium polymers can effectively kill bacteria but when the surface is fouled with dead bacteria debris, biofilm formation is inevitable [188]. Materials with antibiofilm properties will repel the bacterial adhesion very effectively but may not kill the bacteria when they do colonize the surface. PEG surfaces are well known to repel bacteria adhesion. However, PEG surfaces show little antimicrobial activity. Quantitative antibiofilm efficacy tests can be divided into two categories static (minimum biofilm eradication concentration assay, MBEC) and dynamic (flow cell assay). In addition, SEM is a semiquantitative assay, which is discussed in Section 2.5. 

Francolini I, DoneUi G, Vuotto C, Baroncini FA, Stoodley P, Taresco V, et al. Antifouling polyurethanes to fight device-related staphylococcal infections synthesis, characteization, and antibiofilm efficacy. Pathog Dis 2014 70 401-7. http //dx.doi.org/10.llll/2049-632X.12155. 

Keywords Click reaction Crosslinked hydrogels Smart polymers Amphiphilic polysaccharides Supramolecular hydrogels Star polymers Ordered polysaccharides Interpenetrating polymer networks Antibiofilm... 

Bemal P, Llamas MA. Promising biotechnological applications of antibiofilm exopolysaccharides. Microb Biotechnol. 2012 5 670-3. 

Rendueles O, Kaplan JB, Ghigo JM. Antibiofilm polysaccharides. Environ Microbiol. 2013 15 334- 6. 

Louise C, Chau PKW, Earle MJ, Gilea MA, Gilmore BF, Gorman SP, McCann MT, Sed-don KR (2009) Antibiofilm activities of l-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquids. Green Chem 11 492 97... 

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