Polysaccharide-Based Antibiofilm Surfaces

It is now well identified that bacteria connect to solid supports to shape structured communities called biofilms, also known as biopolymer matrix-enclosed microbial populations adhering to each other and/or surfaces [111]. Biofihns occur on both living and inert supports in all environments [112]. They influence various industrial and domestic areas [113] and are accountable for a broad range of human diseases [111], In view of the ever growing number of implanted patients, biofilm-linked infections of indwelling medical devices are more predominantly a foremost public health issue. Various examples of implants that can be inflated by biofilm formation are mechanical heart valves, catheters, pacemakers/defibriUators, ventricular assist devices, vascular prostheses, coronary stents, neurosurgical ventricular shunts, cerebrospinal fluid shunts, neurological stimulation implants, ocular prostheses, inflatable penile, cochlear, joint prostheses, fracture-fixation devices, breast, and dental implants and contact lenses, intrauterine contraceptive devices [114-116]. 

Chitosan Exoskeleton of cmstacean and insects or cell walls of bacteria and fungi Ions, pH, electrical field (composites with inorganic particles), temperature (grafted with PNIPAAm or PEO-PPO-PEO), redox (if thiolated), magnetic (with Fe304), and specific molecules (dynamic Schiff bases) 

Agar Seaweeds of genus Gelidium, Euchema, Gracilaria and others Ions and pH 

Carrageenan Red seaweeds of genus Rhodophyceae Red seaweeds of genus Rhodophyceae 

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