Anthracene-2-carboxyhc acid

Dihydro-4,5-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracene-carboxyHc acid. 

Only the reduction products involving the keto groups are of any academic or industrial importance. Complete reduction of the keto groups by ammonia and zinc (von Perger method) gives rise to anthracene in good yields and quaUty (10). This method is of importance since substituted anthracenes can be prepared from the corresponding anthraquinones. Industrially, an important dyestuff intermediate, 3-chloroanthracene-2-carboxyhc acid, (2) is prepared by this method (11) from 3-chloroanthraquinone-2-carboxyhc acid [84-32-2]... 

Formally related reactions are observed when anthracene [210] or arylole-fines [211-213] are reduced in the presence of carboxylic acid derivatives such as anhydrides, esters, amides, or nitriles. Under these conditions, mono- or diacylated compounds are obtained. It is interesting to note that the yield of acylated products largely depends on the counterion of the reduced hydrocarbon species. It is especially high when hthium is used, which is supposed to prevent hydrodimeri2ation of the carboxyhc acid by ion-pair formation. In contrast to alkylation, acylation is assumed to prefer an Sn2 mechanism. However, it is not clear if the radical anion or the dianion are the reactive species. The addition of nitriles is usually followed by hydrolysis of the resulting kethnines [211-213]. 

Korte, W.D. 9-(Chloromethyl)anthracene a useful derivatizing reagent for enhanced ultraviolet and fluorescence detection of carboxyhc acids with liquid chromatography, J.Chromatogr., 1982, 243, 153-157. [chenodiol cholic acid deoxydiolic add lauric acid myristic acid linoleic add palmitic add oleic acid stearic acid glycodiolic acid glycodienodeoxycholic acid glycodeoxychohc acid]... 

Flavokermesic acid, a minor dye constituent isolated from Kermes insects, has been identified as l-methyl-3,6,8-trihydroxy-9,10-anthracene dione-2-carboxyhc acid (synonym for laccaic acid D or xanthokermesic acid Wouters and Verhecken, 1987). 

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