Anthocyanin distribution

KUBO, H., PEETERS, A.J., AARTS, M.G., PEREIRA, A., KOORNNEEF, M ANTHOCYANINLESS2, a homeobox gene affecting anthocyanin distribution and root development in Arabidopsis, Plant Cell, 1999,11,1217-1226. 

Singha, S. et al., Anthocyanin distribution in delicious apples and the relationship between anthocyanin concentration and chromaticity values, J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 116, 497, 1991. 

Mikanagi, Y. et al., Flower flavonol and anthocyanin distribution in subgenus Rosa, Biochem. 

Anthocyanin content (mg-kg) Percentage of total anthocyanin distribution ... 

Table 1.2 Anthocyanins distribution (% of total concentration) and content in selected common fruits. ...

As anthocyanins extracted and/or hydrolyzed from berries are composed of up to 5 different anthocyanidins, the use of one specific anthocyanidin extinction coefficient yields again only an estimate of the content. Differences in extinction coefficients for anthocyanidins present in a sample and biological variations in the anthocyanin distribution influence the test result. 

Paper and thin layer chromatography have been used since decades for flavonoid analysis. As anthocyanins are colored substances, separation can be directly monitored and may serve as a quick, qualitative test for the anthocyanin distribution in a given sample. Classical paper chromatography involves two-dimensional development followed by treatment with selective spraying reagents or exposure to ammonia vapor and allocation of spots in visible or UV-light [90]. 

Yet it is difficult to find a hypothesis which wouldfit all cases of anthocyanin distribution without reduction to absurdity... For the time being we may safely say that it has not been satisfactorily determined in any one case whether its development is either an advantage or a disadvantage to the plant. 

Ichiyanagi, T., Tateyama, C., Oikawa, K., Konishi, T., Comparison of anthocyanin distribution in different blueberry sources by capillary zone electrophoresis, Biol. Pharm. Bull., 2000, 23, 492 97. 

As for anthocyanins, betalains are found in vacuoles and cytosols of plant cells. From the various natural sources of betalains, beetroot (Beta vulgaris) and prickly pear cactus (Opuntia ficus indica) are the only edible sources of these compounds. In the food industry, betalains are less commonly used as natural colorants from plant sources than anthocyanins and carotenoids, probably related to their more restricted distribution in nature. To date, red beetroot is the only betalain source exploited for use as a natural food coloring agent. The major betalain in red beetroot is betanin (or betanidin 5-0-P-glucoside). Prickly pear fruits contain mainly (purple-red) betanin and (yellow-orange) indicaxanthin and the color of these fruits is directly related to the betanin-to-indicaxanthin ratio (99 to 1, 1 to 8, and 2 to 1, respectively in white, yellow, and red fruits)." ... 

Talavera, S. et al., Anthocyanin metabolism in rats and their distribution to digestive area, kidney, and brain, J. Agric. Food Chem., 53, 3902, 2005. 

Harbome, J.B., The natural distribution in angiosperms of anthocyanins acylated with aliphatic dicarboxyhc acid. Phytochemistry, 25, 1887, 1986. 

Harbome, J.B., Distribution of anthocyanins in higher plants, in Chemical Plant Taxonomy, Swain, T., Ed., Academic Press, New York, 1963. 

When ethanol was used to extract the dye, the efficiency increased to 0.71% the rationale is the higher solubility of the sensitizer in alcohol and minor association which favors a more homogeneous distribution of the anthocyanins on the Ti02 surface. However, exposure to simulated sunlight (AM = 1.5,100 mWcm 2) caused a significant decrease in efficiency after 3h, probably because alcohol favors the photocatalytic decomposition of anthocyanin. 

Gao L and Mazza G. 1995. Characterization, quantification, and distribution of anthocyanins and colorless phenolic in sweet cherries. J Agric Food Chem 43 343—346. 

Polyphenoloxidase (PPO, EC 1.14.18.1) is one of the most studied oxidative enzymes because it is involved in the biosynthesis of melanins in animals and in the browning of plants. The enzyme seems to be almost universally distributed in animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria (Sanchez-Ferrer and others 1995) and catalyzes two different reactions in which molecular oxygen is involved the o-hydroxylation of monophenols to o-diphenols (monophenolase activity) and the subsequent oxidation of 0-diphenols to o-quinones (diphenolase activity). Several studies have reported that this enzyme is involved in the degradation of natural phenols with complex structures, such as anthocyanins in strawberries and flavanols present in tea leaves. Several polyphenols... 

Wannakrairoj, S. and Kamemoto, H., Histological distribution of anthocyanins in Anthurium spathes, Hortscience, 25, 809, 1990. 

Tartaric acid has an even more limited distribution as acylation agent of anthocyanins, identified in only four anthocyanins (82, 246, 383, and 401) isolated from flowers of Anemone... 

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