Anthelmintics Agricultural

Copper has been employed as a bactericide, moUuscicide, and fungicide for a long time and is of importance in the control of schistosomiasis (see also Antiparasitic AGENTS, ANTHELMINTICS FUNGICIDES, AGRICULTURAL). Addition of copper to lake water acts as an efficient deterrent to transmittal of the disease by eliminating snails that act as hosts for the responsible parasite. Copper is commonly utilized at ca 0.1 mg/L as an algicide. In fresh water, acute toxicosis in fish is unusual if the copper concentration is below 0.025 mg/L (70) (see Poisons, economic). 

The third milestone in the history of the use of fermentation products in agriculture was the discovery of the avermectins. They were first detected in an anthelmintic assay using mice infected with nematospiroides dubius (13). This is one of the few assays in which they could have been detected since they lack antibacterial and antifungal activity. 

Since about 1952, the American public has been amply supplied with meat produced largely from animals that received feed containing antibiotics. These and other chemicals, including sulfonamides and antiparasitic drugs such as anthelmintics and coccidiostats added to feed, have saved labor, feed and space, thus revolutionizing animal agriculture. The record of safety of antibiotics in animal feed in the US has been excellent, including safety to producers and meat handlers as well as to consumers. 

The initial objective of the search was an anthelmintic with properties radically different from those of known anthelmintics. What was found was an anthelmintic whose properties were indeed markedly different — not only in terms of chemical structure and efficacy against helminths, but also in the extension of the potential utility of the class to the control of arthropod parasites of animals. Further, the compounds turned out to have striking activity against a variety of free-living and plant-parasitic nematodes and arthropods — and so it has come about that a new livestock anthelmintic has become an agenda item in this symposium on agricultural pesticides. 

The pyridine alkaloids anabasine (1), nicotine (2), ricinine (3), nomicotine (4) and trigonelline (5) form an important group of natural products. Thus anabasine (1) is extracted on a large scale in the Soviet Union (56MI20900) and functions as an insecticide with acute and subacute toxicity. Nicotine (2) has been used as an anthelmintic but more widely as an agricultural insecticide, functioning as a contact poison when combined with oleic acid... 

Keatinge, R. 1996. Controlling Internal Parasites without Anthelmintics. A review prepared for Conservation and Woodland Policy Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, UK. 

Gibson, T.E., Veterinary Anthelmintic Medication, 3rd ed.. Common- wealth Agricultural Bureau, Slough, England (1975). 

OTHER COMMENTS used as an agricultural insecticide used as an anthelmintic (worming agents) used as a botacide (agent that kills larvae). 

For centuries, nicotine has found application to treat cattle, sheep and poultry against mange, ticks and lice. In veterinary medicine, nicotine is used as an anthelmintic (a worming agent). Over the last hundred years, nicotine sulfate has been used in agriculture to control aphids, and since 1885 as an insecticide in viniculture (Fig. 5.208). [540, 541]... 

Agricultural anthelmintics. Nematodes can impoverish soil and attack roots. i,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) ( Nemagon ) is a volatile nematocide used to rid soil of these undesirable worms. Plants are remarkably tolerant of it, but it has been suspected of suppressing spermatogenesis in the adult human male. 

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