Antennal glands

Protozoan, Cristigera sp. 150 pg/L for 12 h alterations in antennal gland BCF 2760 for antennal gland, and 58 for gill Reduced growth 3... 

Following their formation in the hepatopancreas, metabolites are usually excreted in feces and urine, antennal gland, or other sites. Available data indicate that drugs that are readily soluble or can be biotransformed into water-soluble conjugates are more rapidly excreted from crustaceans than lipid-soluble drugs. Hence, very lipophilic drugs can be expected to attain much higher concentrations in the hepatopancreas than in other tissues, and to be slowly excreted in feces after metabolism to more polar metabolites. 

Bartlet E., Isidoro N. and Williams I. (1994) Antennal glands in Psylliodes chrysocephala, and their possible role in reproductive behaviour. Physiol. Entomol. 19, 241-250. 

Isidore N., Romani R., Velasquez D., Renthal R., Bin F. and Vinson S. B. (2000) Antennal glands in queen and worker of the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren first report in female social Aculeata (Hymenoptera, formicidae). Insectes Soc. 47, 236-240. 

Another symbiosis that involves antibiotics occurs in bee wolves of the genus Philanthus. The adult insects harbor a Streptomyces sp. bacterium in their antennal glands (128, 129). 

Environ. Res., submitted). Some monooxygenase activity has been found in microsomes prepared from the stomach and antennal gland of crab and crayfish species (18,19,20). Of the other phase I enzymes, high epoxide hydrolase has been found in hepatopancreas (27), but little information is available on ester hydrolase activity in Crustacea. 

Isolation from Dosed Crustacea. Metabolites are usually excreted in feces and urine after formation in the hepatopancreas, antennal gland or other sites. The identification of metabolites in crustaceans follows established procedures, i.e., the expected metabolites are predicted from the drug s structure, or from studies with other species, and methods are developed for the extraction and separation of the parent drug and the expected metabolites. Metabolites may then be identified by cochromatography with known metabolite, standards, and by various spectroscopic procedures, such as mass and nuclear magnetic resonance. The major difficulty in working with crustaceans lies in isolating metabolites from hepatopancreas, where most of the metabolites of lipophilic... 

Schwoch studied the synthesis of trehalose in the crayfish, Orconectes limosus. Biosynthesis of the disaccharide could be detected in the abdominal muscle, antennal gland, hind-gut, integumentary tissue, and, to a lesser extent, in the stomach tissue. The trehalose 6-phosphate synthetase was soluble and was inhibited 50 by 80 milf trehalose. The rate of synthesis of trehalose was dependent on the season, and optimal activity in abdominal muscle occurred in February and March. The label from injected [ Cjtrehalose or D-[ C]glucose was foimd to be distributed from the hemolymph into organs much faster than the label from [ C]maltose. 

Several long-range attractant sex pheromones have been identified (Table 3) or evidence for such a pheromone has been obtained in the past 13 years. The parasitoid Ascogaster reticulatus produces (9Z)-hexadec-9-enal 9 in a tibial gland [47]. The pheromone is spread by the females much like a trail on the substrate, and the males follow the mark to the source by close antennal contact with the substrate [48]. EAG studies have revealed that the males respond much more strongly to (9Z)-hexadec-9-enal than the females and that the response to the... 

Note Typically, the brain with attached eye-antennal imaginal discs and salivary glands, as well as other tissues, will be removed as a single mass. 

Gibson, N.J., Rossler, W., Nighom, A.J., Gland, L.A., Hildebrand, J.G., and Tolbert, L.P. (2001). Neuron-glia communication via nitric oxide is essential in establishing antennal-lobe stmcture in Manduca sexta. Dev. Biol. 240, 326-339. 

Payne and Finn 364) have recently studied the pheromone receptor system of females of the greater wax moth. Galleria mellonella. The male produces -nonanal and -undecanal in its wing glands. Using the differential adaptation technique on female antennal preparations, the authors concluded that -nonanal reacts with both acceptors (receptor sites), whereas w-undecanal reacts with only one acceptor (receptor site). 

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