Anode nature

Murray EP, Tsai T, Barnett SA (1999) A direct-methane fuel cell with a ceria-based anode. Nature 400 649-651... 

E. Perry Murray, T. Tsai, and S.A. Barnett. A Direct-Methane Fuel Cell with a Ceria-Based Anode. Nature, 400 651-659,1999. 

LIU 14] Liu N., Zhenda L., Zhao J., et al, A pomegranate-inspired nanoscale design for large-volume-change lithium battery anodes , Nature Nanotechnology, vol. 9, pp. 187-192, 2014. 

Wilson, J. R. et al. Three-dimensional reconstruction of a solid-oxide fuel-cell anode. Nature Materials 5, 541-544, doi 10.1038/nmatl668 (2006). 

J. R. Wilson, W. Kobsiriphat, R. Mendoza, H. Y. Chen, J. M. Hiller, D. J. Miller, K. Thornton, P. W. Voorhees, S. B. Adler, and S. A. Barnett. Three-dimensional reconstruction of a solid-oxide fuel-cell anode. Nature materials 5, (2006) 541-544. 

B. A. Boukamp. The amazing perovskite anode. Nature materials 2, (2003) 294-296. 

Murray, E.P., Tsai, T., and Barnett, S.A. (1999) Direct methane solid oxide fuel cell with ceria-based anode. Nature, 400, 649-651. 

As a result of the reaction between the hafiiium anode and the molten NaCl-KCl-HfCl4 electrolyte, Hf(II) complexes are formed in the melt. At low concentrations of the tetrachloride, all of the tetravalent hafiiium is transformed to the metal in the divalent state [9]. Wave I (Fig.3), which corresponds to the charge transfer Hf(IV) + 2e -> Hf(II) and transforms to a wave corresponding to the oxidation process Hf(II) - 2e Hf(IV) whereas, in the cathodic region, wave II remains due to electroreduction of Hf(II) to the metal. In the case of the melt with 10 w/o HfC, even upon prolonged contact with the metal, Hf(IV) complexes remain in the electrolyte since the voltammograms show that wave I is of a cathodic-anodic nature. 

Lee, W., Ji, R., Gosele, U. Nielsch, K (2006b). Fast fabrication of long-range ordered porous alumina membranes by hard anodization. Nature Materials Vol. 5 (9), pp 741-747. 

Conduction of electric current from an underground metalhc structure by means of a metalhc conductor. Forced drainage is that applied to underground metallic structures by means of an applied electromotive force or sacrificial anode. Natural drainage is that from an underground structure to a more negative (more anodic) structure, such as the negative bus of a trolley substation. 

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