Annual transfer fluxes

The annual transfer fluxes of the four metals among solid-phase components between one day and one year of incubation at the two moisture regimes are presented in Fig. 6.18. The overall transfer fluxes of the slow processes were differentiated between the two soils and the two moisture regimes. In general, the transfer fluxes of the metal in the loessial soil was higher than that in the sandy soil because of its abundant solid-phase... 

Figure 6.18. Changes of the annual transfer fluxes (from one day to one year) among solid-phase components with metal loading levels in Israeli soils. Soils received metal nitrates and were incubated in the saturated-paste (SP) and field capacity (FC) moisture regimes...

Dean, R A., R. S. Dougall, and L. S. Tong, 1971, Effect of Vapor Injection on Critical Heat Flux in a Subcooled R-l 13 (Freon) Flow, Proc. Int. Symp. on Two-Phase Flow Systems, Haifa, Israel. (6) Deane, C. W., and W. M. Rohsenow, 1969, Mechanism and Behavior of Nucleate Boiling Heat Transfer to the Alkali Liquid Metals, USAEC Rep. DSR 76303-65, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA Also in 1970, Liquid Metal Heat Transfer and Fluid Dynamics J. C. Chen and A. A. Bishop, Eds., ASME Winter Annual Meeting, New York. (4)... 

Quinn, E. P, 1966, Forced-Flow Heat Transfer to High-Pressure Water beyond the Critical Heat Flux, ASME Paper 66-WA/HT-36, Winter Annual Meeting, ASME, New York. (6)... 

De Rosnay et al. (2000) assessed the reliability of schemes that parameterize land surface processes to find the correspondence between calculated mean annual fluxes of energy and moisture depending on detailed consideration of the vertical structure of soil. These schemes are used in general circulation models of the atmosphere (GCMAs). The calculations testify to the strong dependence of fluxes on vertical resolution. The 11-layer scheme parameterizing heat and moisture transfer in the top 1 mm thick layer of soil was found to be adequate. 

Various fluxes and processes considered in the following discussion are represented schematically in Figure 9.20, adapted from Wollast and Mackenzie (1983). Steady-state conditions require that the mass balance for each element is fulfilled for the entire system and also separately for the water and sedimentary columns. To write these mass balances, we must consider the global rate of the reactions occurring in the two subsystems. Therefore, we define R and D as the annual amount of a given element transferred from the solid phase to the aqueous phase or vice versa. The fluxes are taken as positive if there is a net input to seawater, and negative if there is a net output. To maintain the concentration of an element constant in seawater, the net flux resulting from Rj + + Lj + Pj in... 

Figure 9.20. Schematic diagram of fluxes and processes evaluated for the global cycle of an element. Rj, Rp, Sp, Dp, H

The atmosphere, in particular, has become a key medium in the transfer of pollutant trace metals to remote aquatic ecosystems. On a global scale, this pathway annually supplies more than 70% of the lead and vanadium, about 30% of the mercury, and about 20% of the cadmium flux into aquatic ecosystems. In many rural and remote regions, the atmosphere actually supplies most... 

The mean annual flux of CO2 between the atmosphere and ocean, based on measurements of fccb in the ocean and atmosphere, and the gas exchange mass transfer coefficient determined from wind speed. From Takahashi eta/. (2002). (See Plate 8.)... 

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