Anions identifying

The names of the cations and anions identify the chemical formulas, including the charges of each ion. The charges, in turn, dictate the ion ratio that must appear in the chemical formula. 

The iodide content of the catalyst formulation is the key to avoiding these problems of competing reactions and achieving maximum acetic acid selectivity. The addition of iodide ensures that any initially formed methanol (7) is rapidly (H) converted to the more electrophilic methyl iodide. However, further increases in the quantities of iodide beyond that needed for methanol conversion to methyl iodide may lead to a portion, or all, of the catalytic-ally active cobalt carbonyl reverting to catalytically inactive cobalt iodide species - e.g. the [Col4] anion identified in this work, or possibly the cationic [Co(MeOH) (CO) I species (9). 

Table 1. Extents of adsorption of the anions identified on two kinds of Ti02 films pre-exposed to various solutions for comparison, some results obtained with a commercial anatase powder are represented in the last column ...

Cooperative Coadsorption Effects on Small Gold Clusters. Two examples of cooperative adsorption effects on small gold cluster anions identified in temperature dependent rf-ion trap experiments (see Chemical and Catal3dic Properties of Gas-Phase Clusters for experimental details) will be presented in the following. Au3 does not react with O2 in the ion trap experiment at any reaction temperature [34]. It, however, adsorbs a maximum of two CO molecules at reaction temperatures below 250 K [185]. If the gold trimer is exposed simultaneously to CO and O2 inside the octopole ion trap, still no reaction products are observed at reaction temperatures above 250 K as can be seen... 

The complex (XXVII) has been isolated as the potassium salt by the hydrolysis of K6[(CN)5Co—0—0—Co(CN)6), and may be recognized by an absorption maximum at 272 m/i. Thus the ultraviolet spectrum of oxygenated solutions containing the hydride anion identifies the presence of the complex (XXVII). 

The reactions of a number of phospholes with alkali metals have been investigated. If the temperature of the reaction is kept low, C—P bond cleavage does not occur and radical anions (identified by e.s.r. spectroscopy) are formed. Increasing the reaction temperature leads to C—P bond cleavage and the formation of metal phosphacyclopentadienides. Various alkylation reactions were carried out with these compounds. Alkali metals reduce phosphole oxides to their radical anions. The radical anions formed by electrochemical reduction of a number of 4-nitrophenyl diphenylphosphinates have been examined by e.s.r. spectroscopy and hyperconjugation invoked to explain the observed coupling of phosphorus... 

The structure of the trivalent neodymium fluoride species in the melt is the octahedral [NdFfi] complex anion identified by Raman spectroscopy [13]. The dissolution of Nd203 results in the formation of neodymium oxyfluorides in the melts. It also has been found that the [NdOFs]" is present [10]. Actually, [NdFe] and [NdOFs]" " coexist in the melt since the concentration of NdF3 is much... 

Anion identified Reagents or test reactions Limit of Page identification, y ... 

The reaction is general in character. Apart from 2-ethynyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindoles, 5-aryl-2-ethynylpyrroles and 3-ethynyIindoles also undergo [2+2]-cycloaddition. This is the first example of nonphotochemical [2+2]-cycloaddition of DDQ to the triple bond. The mechanism of the reaction involves one-electron transfer to generate ion-radical pair containing ethynylpyr-role radical cation (detected in the UV spectra of the reaction mixture at -30°C) and DDQ radical anion (identified by ESR). 

Six different salts of EDT-TTF-CN were obtained upon oxidation in the presence of Is , FeBr4", InBr4 , AuBr4", MoeBr " and MoeClsBre ". In none of them was an interaction between the EDT-TTF-CN and the halogen atom of one anion identified, demonstrating at least by the negative that the oxidation of the cyano TTF does favour such an interaction, while is known to occur in neutral systems such as in p-halobenzonitrile [88]. 

A nitrogen that bears four substituents is positively charged and is named as an ammonium ion The anion that is associated with it is also identified m the name... 

Xanthan gum [11138-66-2] is an anionic heteropolysaccharide produced by several species of bacteria in the genus Aanthomonas A. campestris NRRL B-1459 produces the biopolymer with the most desirable physical properties and is used for commercial production of xanthan gum (see Gums). This strain was identified in the 1950s as part of a program to develop microbial polysaccharides derived from fermentations utilizing com sugar (333,334). The primary... 

The existence of a variety of other polyphosphide anions has been demonstrated. For example, P and P have been identified in LaP2 (72). Infinite chain stmctures for the polyphosphide anion have been reported for compounds such as KP and thallium pentaphosphide [11093-99-5] TIP. Cage anions such as P that include triply linked phosphoms atoms are found in Li P. ... 

Alkali sihcates are used as components, rather than reactants, in many appHcations. In many cases they only contribute partially to overall performance. Utility factors are generally not as easy to identify. Their benefit usually depends on the surface and solution chemical properties of the wide range of highly hydrophilic polymeric siUcate ions deUverable from soluble sihcate products or their proprietary modifications. In most cases, however, one or two of the many possible induences of these complex anions cleady express themselves in final product performance at a level sufficient to justify their use (102). Estimates of the 1995 U.S. consumption of sodium sihcates are shown in Table 6. 

Hydroxides. The hydrolysis of uranium has been recendy reviewed (154,165,166), yet as noted in these compilations, studies are ongoing to continue identifying all of the numerous solution species and soHd phases. The very hard uranium(IV) ion hydrolyzes even in fairly strong acid (- 0.1 Af) and the hydrolysis is compHcated by the precipitation of insoluble hydroxides or oxides. There is reasonably good experimental evidence for the formation of the initial hydrolysis product, U(OH) " however, there is no direct evidence for other hydrolysis products such as U(OH) " 2> U(OH)" 2> U(OH)4 (or UO2 2H20). There are substantial amounts of data, particulady from solubiUty experiments, which are consistent with the neutral species U(OH)4 (154,167). It is unknown whether this species is monomeric or polymeric. A new study under reducing conditions in NaCl solution confirms its importance and reports that it is monomeric (168). 8olubihty studies indicate that the anionic species U(OH) , if it exists, is only of minor importance (169). There is limited evidence for polymeric species such as Ug(OH) " 25 (1 4). 

Fig. 10. Unpolarized Raman spectra (T = 300 K) for solid Ceo, KaCeo, RbsCeo, NaeCeo, KaCco, RbeCeo and CseCeo [92, 93], The tangential and radial modes of Ag symmetry are identified, as are the features associated with the Si substrates. From the insensitivity of these spectra to crystal structure and specific alkali metal dopant, it is concluded that the interactions between the Cao molecules are weak, as are also the interactions between the Cao anions and the alkali metal cations.

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