Anionic acrylamide derivatives

In addition to these inner salts, a number of monomeric salt pairs have been prepared [93]. In these systems a vinyl acid such as vinyl sulfonic acid was reacted with a vinyl base such as vinyl pyridine in THF. The precipitated salt was washed and purified. Polymerization of the salt was accomplished in the aqueous solution with a thermal initiator. Other salt pairs include acrylate and acrylamide derivatives with sulfonic groups as the anionic constituents and tertiary or quaternary amino pendant groups as the cationic constituents [94]. 

Radical copolymerization is used in the manufacturing of random copolymers of acrylamide with vinyl monomers. Anionic copolymers are obtained by copolymerization of acrylamide with acrylic, methacrylic, maleic, fu-maric, styrenesulfonic, 2-acrylamide-2-methylpro-panesulfonic acids and its salts, etc., as well as by hydrolysis and sulfomethylation of polyacrylamide Cationic copolymers are obtained by copolymerization of acrylamide with jV-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylates and methacrylates, l,2-dimethyl-5-vinylpyridinum sulfate, etc. or by postreactions of polyacrylamide (the Mannich reaction and Hofmann degradation). Nonionic copolymers are obtained by copolymerization of acrylamide with acrylates, methacrylates, styrene derivatives, acrylonitrile, etc. Copolymerization methods are the same as the polymerization of acrylamide. 

Acrylamide/amine copolymers (+ amine deriv.) Anionic flocculants... 

As highly nucleophilic species, pyrrole-2-catbodithioate-anions 772, generated in situ from pyrrole and carbon disulfide in the KOH/DMSO system, add smoothly to electrophilic alkenes like acrylonitrile, acrylamide or methyl acrylate to afford the corresponding derivatives of propionic acid 773 in a yield of up to 62% (Scheme 151) <1999ZOR1534, 2001S0293>. 

The top reaction (where R = phenyl, R = R" = methyl) has been run with a different diphosphine using a polymeric surfactant as the anion for rhodium to give 90-92% ee.85 Optimization of the phosphine structure would probably raise this to the levels shown in 10.38. The polymeric surfactant was derived from a copolymer of acrylamide with maleic anhydride (10.39). 

In the polymerization of the ion monomer pairs (which is carried out in aqueous solution) the cationic moieties (MPTMA+ or MPDMA+) and the anionic moiety (AMPS ) could have similar Q and e values, since they are the derivatives of acrylamide, resulting in a random incorporation of these units into the chain. Under these circumstances, a resulting network of ionically cross-linked chains seemed possible. Indeed, initially, hydrogels were formed in the polymerization of the monomer pairs of MPTMA AMPS and MPDMA AMPS. 

Dihydroboronium derivatives of t-Bu-BisP with different cotmter anions were prepared, as shown in Scheme 56. The reaction of BisP with BH2Br afforded the boronium salt 175 which possessed a bromide ion. The dihydroboronium derivative of (S,S)-l,2-bis(tert-butylmethylphosphino)ethane 175 (t-Bu-BisP ) was prepared by the reaction of t-Bu-BisP 174 with catecholborane and used as chiral diphosphine ligand precursor in Rh-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenated of methyl (Z)-acetamidocinnamate to afford the hydrogenation product in up to 94% ee. Complexes of iron(III) and P-chiral phosphine oxides 176 are catalysts for the asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction of iV-acrylamide dienophiles [106]. 

Kationic and anionic derivatives of PAAm also exhibit the aging effect. The examples are poly(acrylamide-co-methacryloyloxyethyl-N,N,N,-trimethyl-ammoniumchlorid) and Poly(acrylamide-co-sodium-2 sulfoethylmethacry-lathes) as well as poly(acrylamide-co-sodium-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane-... 

It is well known that acrylates and methacrylates, a,jS-unsaturated esters, readily undergo vinyl polymerization under radical and anionic conditions. Similar to esters, radical polymerization of a,/l-unsaturated amides, such as acrylamide, methacrylamide, and their /V-monoalkyl-substituted derivatives, proceed in vinyl addition modes, while anionic vinyl polymerization is often accompanied by hydrogen-transfer polymerization due to the highly acidic amide hydrogen of these monomers (Breslow et at, 1957 Kennedy and Otsu, 1972). As described above, a variety of A/,A-diaIkylacrylamides are capable of radical and anionic polymerization to afford vinyl polymers. 

Galactomannan has been modified to increase the solubility by oxidation with enzyme and 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-l-piperidinyloxy radical (TEMPO).[24,25] Other derivatives are also available such as hydroxyethylgalactomannan, cationic or anionic galactomannans. [26-28] Grafted copolymers were also prepared by grafting acrylamide on cationic guar. [29,30]... 

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