Xenobiotics, drugs

Farber, J.L. (1987). Xenobiotics, drug metabolism, and liver injury. Monogr. Pathol. 28, 43-53. 

Guengerich, F.P., "Pharmacogenomics of Cytochrome P450 and Other Enzymes Involved in Biotransformation of Xenobiotics," Drug Devel. Res., 49, 4-16 (2000). 

Martin HJ, Breyer-Pfaff U, Wsol V, et al. Purification and characterization of akrlblO from human liver role in carbonyl reduction of xenobiotics. Drug Metab Dispos 2006 34(3) 464-470. 

Hydrogen peroxide supports hepatocyte P450 catalysed xenobiotic/drug metabolic activation to form cytotoxic reactive intermediates. Adv Exp Med Biol 500 233-236. 

Benedetti MS, Dostert P. Contribution of amine oxidases to the metabolism of xenobiotics. Drug Metab Rev 1994 26 507. 

P-gp and CYP3A are co-localized within the apex of absorptive entero-cytes, they have similar substrate specificities, and they are co-inducible in response to some xenobiotics [89, 97], These observations have led to the proposition that p-gp and CYP3A may be functionally linked and act in concert to limit the exposure of xenobiotics/drugs to the small intestine and portal circulation [89, 97],... 

The body contains a number of nonspecific enzymes that form part of its defence against unwanted xenobiotics. Drugs are metabolized by both these... 

C.A. Mugford, andG.L. Kedderis, Sex-dependent metabolism of xenobiotics. Drug Metab. Rev. 30(3) 441, 1998. 

Arrigoni-Martelli E and Caso V (2001) Carnitine protects mitochondria and removes toxic acyls from xenobiotics. Drugs Experimental Clinical Research 27,27-49. 

However, it is not always clear with regard to the respective cause how the pathogenic mechanism triggers cholestasis. It cannot be adequately explained why one particular cause acts as a cholestatic factor in the individual case or why the same factor possibly has no effect at all. It would appear that genetic disposition is of decisive importance. Influences of everyday life (xenobiotics, drugs, alcohol, etc.), differing performances of biotransforma-... 

Kao, J. Carver, M.P. (1990) Cutaneous metabolism of xenobiotics. Drug Metabolism Reviews, 22, 363-410. 

Loose LD, Silkworth JB, Mudzinski SP, et al. 1979. Modification of the immune response by organochloride xenobiotics. Drug Chem Toxicol 2 111-132. 

Definitive quantitative assay uses calibrators fitted to a known model to provide absolute quantitative values for unknown samples. Typically, such assays are only possible where the analyte is not endogenous, for example, a small-molecule xenobiotic drug. 

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