Aniline solubility parameter

Solubility of resins can be predicted in a similar way as for the solubility of polychloroprene rubbers in a solvent mixture (see Section 5.5) by means of solubility diagrams (plots of the hydrogen bonding index (y) against the solubility parameter (5). Another more simple way to determine the solubility of resins is the determination of the cloud point, the aniline and the mixed aniline points. 

Prior to the introduction of the solubility parameter (solpar) concept, paint chemists used Kauri butanol values, mixed aniline points, and heptane numbers to predict the solubility of resins in aliphatic solvents. These parameters have been replaced, to a large extent, by solpars, but heptane numbers are still used, and these empirical parameters can be converted to solpar values. 

Solubility of the three commercial polysulfones follows the order PSF > PES > PPSF. At room temperature, all three of these polysulfones as well as the vast majority of other aromatic sulfone-based polymers can be readily dissolved in a few highly polar solvents to form stable solutions. These solvents include NMP, DMAc, pyridine, and aniline. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane are also suitable solvents but are less desirable because of their potentially harmful health effects. PSF is also readily soluble in a host of less polar solvents by virtue of its lower solubility parameter. 

To determine partial pressure of any organic compormd i is needed the information about its solubility or solubibty coefficient in ground water and nonpolar solution. These values for fresh water may be found in Handbook of physicochemical properties and environmental2006. For accormting for the effect of mineral salts of water solutions should be used equation (2.290). Solubility of nonpolar compormds declines with increase in salinity. For instance, Sechenov coefficient in normal conditions is equal for aniline 0.130, for phenol - 0.133, and for benzene and nitrobenzene - 0.166 (Sergeyeva, 1965). The saturated vapour pressure and solubility parameters for a number of organic compounds are listed in Table 2.32. As a rule, saturated vapour pressure is provided in mm Hg, more rarely in Pa or atmospheres (1 mm Hg = 133.3224 Pa or 1.3332-10 bar). 

See kauri-butanol value, aniline point, and solubility parameter. Also called solvent power. 

Solubility of the three commercial polysulfones follows the order PSF > PES > PPSF. At room temperature, all three of these polysulfones as well as the vast majority of other aromatic sulfone-based polymers can be readily dissolved in a handful of highly polar solvents to form stable solutions. These powerful solvents include NMP, DMAc, pyridine, and aniline. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane are also suitable solvents but are less desirable because of their potentially harmful health effects. In addition to being soluble in the aforementioned list, PSF is also readily soluble in a host of less polar solvents by virtue of its lower solubility parameter. These solvents include tetrahydrofuran (THF), 1,4 dioxane, chloroform, dichloromethane, and chlorobenzene. The relatively broad solubility characteristics of PSF have been key in the development of solution-based hollow-fiber spinning processes in the manufacture of polysulfone asymmetric membranes (see Membrane Technology). The solvent list for PES and PPSF is short because of the propensity of these polymers to undergo solvent-induced crystallization in many solvents. When the PES structure contains a small proportion of a second bisphenol comonomer, as in the case of RADEL A (British Petroleum) polyethersulfone, solution stability is much improved over that of PES homopolymer. 

Aniline point (ASTM D611-07, 2007). Teas solubility parameters taken from Barton (1991). ... 

Solvency n The degree to which a solvent holds a resin or other paint binder in solution. See Kauri-Butanol Value, Aniline Point, Solubility Parameter. Also called Solvent Power. (Handbook of solvents. Wypych G (ed) Chemtec, New York, 2001 Barton AFM (1983) Handbook of solubility parameters and other cohesion parameters. CRC, Boca Raton, FL)... 

The same technique was applied to a mixture of polyethylene terephthalate and acrylic acid (34). The polymerizations were followed by looking at the acid number of the product the parameters studied were time, temperature, and monomer content see Fig.9a,b,c. The hydrophilicity, the solubility of the copolymer in benzyl alcohol, aniline, and a mixture of phenol and CHQ3 were increased by graft copolymerization. 

As recently as 1998, Zhou et al. [445] analyzed the widely varying uptakes of substituted benzenes and phenols (nitrobenzene > benzaldehyde > nitro-4-phenol > 4-cresol > phenol > aniline) using models such as those of Langmuir, Freundlich, and preferably—when the solute concentration range was large— Redlich-Peterson and Jossens-Myers, in which the parameters are not related to the properties of the adsorbent instead, they are related to the solubility and the Hammett constant of the solutes (.see Section IV.B.2). 

The simplest example of a template polymerization, one that has found the most common practical use (for water solubility), is that using the highly water soluble poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS") as the template and dopant. PSSH is a "polyacid", exhibiting a large, winding, lanky polymer structure, with pendant acidic groups, to which a basic monomer such as aniline can readily attach, as illustrated in Fig. 5-18. Once the aniline monomers are attached, chemical polymerization is effected to yield a P(ANi)-PSS interwoven-strand copolymer of the type shown in Fig. 5-19. Temperature and concentration are important parameters governing the type of product obtained in these syntheses. 

In this method, monomer (aniline) is synthesized in aqueous solution containing oxidant, for example, ammonium peroxydisulfate and acid, for example, hydrochloric. In this type of synthesis, the monomer is converted directly to conjugated polymer by a condensation process. However, an excess of the oxidant lead to materials that are essentially intractable is one of its disadvantages. By progressing the oxidative condensation of aniline, the color of solution turns to black which probably is due to the soluble oligomers. The nature of the medium and the concentration of ihe oxidant are the effective parameters on the intensity of coloration. The major effective parameters on the course of the reaction and on the nature of Ihe final product are as follows nature and temperature of medium, concentration of the oxidant, and duration of the reaction. To obtain desirable results, some factors as low ionic strength, volatility, and non-corrosive nature of the medium should be controlled although no medium satisfies all of these requirements [27]. 

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