Aniline price

Aniline prices in the past have been sensitive to the balance between supply and demand in the industry and this trend is likely to continue in the next decade. List prices in the early 1980s began at 0.97/kg, but declined to a low of 0.64/kg as a result of industry overcapacity. By the end of 1987, prices had reached 1.30/kg, and the price has remained firm due to strong demand for aniline. 

The price of aniline is also dependent on the cost of benzene, the raw material for nitrobenzene. During the decade of the 1980s, benzene prices ranged from a low of 0.185/L to a high of 0.595/L. A 0.01/L change in price of benzene is roughly equivalent to a 0.01/kg change in the cost of aniline. At times aniline prices are stated on an "ex-benzene" basis to eliminate the effect of volatility in benzene prices on the price of the aniline sold. 

Aniline pricing tends to track benzene pricing rather closely. In general the aniline price will move 1.2 cents per pound for each 10 cents per gallon movement in benzene price. Between 1995 and 2001, the aniline sales price varied from US 0.35 per pound to US 0.40 per pound255. 

Production figures for the aminophenols are scarce, the compounds usually being classified along with many other aniline derivatives (86). Most production of the technical grade materials (95% purity) occurs on-site as they are chiefly used as intermediate reactants in continuous chemical syntheses. World production of the fine chemicals (99% purity) is probably no more than a few hundred metric tons yearly, at prices of about 45 per kg in 1990. 

With the exceptions of 1,4-benzoquiaone and 9,10-anthraquiaone, quiaones are not produced on a large scale, but a few of these are commercially available (see Anthraquinone). The 1995 prices of selected quiaones are Hsted ia Table 4. Most of the compouads are prepared by the methods described hereia. The few large-scale preparatioas iavolve oxidatioa of aniline, pheaol, or aminonaphthols, eg (110), from which (8) is obtaiaed ia 93% yield. 

Its production was 621 t and the average price 0.75/kg in 1987. Direct YeUow 44 (64) is prepared by phosgenation of an equimolar mixture of metanilic acid coupled to o-anisidinomethanesulfonic acid (with subsequent hydrolysis of the methanesulfonic acid group) and nitro aniline coupled to sahcychc acid (with subsequent reduction of the nitro group). 

Trend the feedstock properties look for changes in the K factor, 1,050°F+ (565°C+), aniline point, refractive index, and °API gravity. The feed endpoint may have been increased to fill the unit. The conversion penalty may be a small price to pay for the increased capacity, but the penalty can be minimized. Verify that the refinery LP reflects current data on yields and product quality. 

And the Verbindungsmanner sent your office reports on prices and tariffs — very well, that was economic." Belle showed him a letter written by Ilgner to the General Aniline and Film Corporation. "This, it appears, is also in your hand Inform us immediately and with the utmost precision of each step taken by our chemical competitors, especially DuPont. "... 

No studies addressing developmental or reproductive effects following acute inhalation exposure to aniline were located. However, because effects on development and reproduction arise after systemic uptake, oral administration of aniline can be considered for evaluating potential developmental and reproductive toxicity. Aniline (administered as aniline hydrochloride) readily crosses the placental barrier in rodents (Price et al. 1985). 

Price CJ, et al Teratologic and postnatal evaluation of aniline hydrochloride in the Eischer 344 rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 77 465M-89, 1985... 

When reduced by electrolysis, nitrobenzene and its homologues yield the same products as may be obtained by the various chemical methods of reduction. Aniline, azobenzene, azoxybenzene, hydrazobenzene, and -amino-phenol, as well as phenylhydroxylamine, can thus be obtained from nitrobenzene, and most, if not all, of these products could be prepared satisfactorily on an industrial scale by electrolysis, by adjusting the manner of working so that economy of energy is combined with maximum yields. Many of these products demand a comparatively high price, so that low power cost is not so important in this class of manufacture as high percentage yields. 

Aniline Supply Demand Balance and Stable Price in China, China Chemical Reporter, 11... 

Subsequently, indigo was successfully produced via fermentation on the 300000 L scale at a cost that was comparable with the price of chemical indigo [109]. Commercialization proved elusive, however, presumably because chemical indigo is marketed with a substantial profit margin. We note that it is common experience that the total costs of a new process, to compete, must be equal to (or lower than) the production cost of the existing process. In this particular case, it would seem that the STY of the fermentative process is too low to compete with a chemical procedure that encompasses only three steps from the basic chemicals aniline and acetic acid. 

FIGURE 14. Title page of BASF price list for aniline dyes, 1896. BASF Archives... 

In the Halcon process, the amination of 7 takes place in the vapor phase with a silica-alumina catalyst (Scheme 3). Amination of phenol has the advantage of reduced capital costs, long catalyst life and high quality product. Excess ammonia favors high conversion of the mildly exothermic (AH = —544 kcal ruol 1) and reversible reaction, and also minimizes formation of byproducts. Generally, however, the price of phenol makes this process more expensive than the nitrobenzene routes. The last plant in the US to produce aniline from phenol by amination was operated by Sunoco Chemicals. It produced 140 million lbs./year-1, with diphenylamine, or DPA (8) as a coproduct, at Haverhill, Ohio, and ceased production in 200213,14. Aristech Chemical Corporation at one time operated a phenol-to-aniline process in the US. 

These considerations are important when the question arises as to which of several qualities of the same material at our disposal will be relatively the cheapest. But the lowest-priced goods are not always the cheapest there may be impurities in the cheaper quality which in subsequent operations it, might be found more costly to remove than if one had started from a purer though more expensive article. Ordinary hydrochloric acid, for instance, contains a considerable amount of iron and sulphuric acid, and in working it up these impurities may be more expensive to remove than if one had used pure hydrochloric acid at more than double the cost from the outset. As a practical instance we may mention the manufacture of aniline hydrochloride here it is necessary to use a pure hydrochloric acid, as the crude article would yield an unsaleable product. Another instance is that of nitrate of soda in connection with the manufacture of nitric acid. For many purposes it is necessary to obtain a nitric acid as free as possible from chlorine compounds, and in these cases such parcels of nitrate are picked out as contain the least amount of sodium chloride, even though the price may be higher than that of a lower grade nitrate. 

The following example illustrates the development of an economic model for the NPV, rate of return, and economic price using a preliminary design of a process to produce 100 million pounds per year of aniline from the reaction of phenol and ammonia. The following information has been developed. 

The data reported shows that 4-fluorophenol can be advantageously prepared from 4-fluoro-aniline in good yield and quality using conventional techniques. It is certainly the leading industrial production to be able to reach specification and price of the agrochemical market as well as the integration pollution control (IPC) regulation. 

The high price and limited availability of precious metals make the search for alternative candidates for catal54ic processes vital. Beller and co-workers have developed a one-step method for the preparation of a-Fe203 nanoparticles with a coating of nitrogen-doped graphene as catalytic alternatives for the production of industrially important anilines. Importantly, these catalysts also display high chemoselectivity and have... 

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