Anemonia sulcata

Figure 2. Relative toxicity (LD50 and LD qq) estimates for actiniid sea anemone toxins upon crabs (Carcimis maenas) and mice. Values for Anemonia sulcata (As) and Anthopleura xanthogrammica (Ax) toxins are from ref. 24 data for Condylactis gigantea and Phyl-lactis flosculifera toxins are unpublished (Kem). The arrows indicate that the real mouse LD q values for Cg II and Pf II must exceed the values indicated in the Ogure. Although insufficient data are presently available to quantitatively define a relationship between mammalian and crustacean toxicity, it seems that there is usually an inverse relationship, which may be approximately defined by the stipple zone.

Despite the vast amount of data on the pharmacological properties, very little about the conformation of the proteins has b n known until recent NMR studies. 2D-NMR results have provided detailed information about the secondary structure of several related anemone toxins. ATX I from Anemonia sulcata (3,4) and AP-A from Anthopleura xanthogrammica (5,6) have been studied by Gooley and Norton, and more recently Widmer et al. have further purified the A. sulcata toxins and obtained complete sequence specific assignments for ATX la (7). Our laboratory, on the other hand, has studied the structures of RpII and RpIII from RadiarUhiis paumotensis (8). 

Radianthus paumotensis II (RP II) Radianthus paumotensis III (RP IE) Radianthus macrodactylus III (RM El) Anemonia sulcata la (AS la) Anemonia sulcata Ib (AS Ib) Anemonia sulcata II (AS II)... 

Anemonia sulcata V (AS V) Anthopleura xanthogrammica (AX I) Anthopleura xanthogrammica (AX II)... 

Anthozoa Zloanthraria Actiniaria Actinidae Actinia equina (Anemonia sulcata Anthopleura xanthogrammica, Condylactis sp, Tealia felina)... 

Apart from AP-A, the best characterized of these polypeptides with respect to its biological activity is Anemonia sulcata toxin II (ATX II) [19]. This molecule is also cardioactive [28], as would be expected from its similarity to AP-A. Renaud et al. [29] have compared the activities of a number of sea anemone and scorpion toxins on isolated rat atria and found that anthopleurin-B (AP-B, also known as Ax II) had the highest potency and the greatest margin between the concentrations necessary for maximal inotropic activity and for provoking arrhythmias (0.3 versus 10 n . It was also found that sodium channels of rat cardiac cells in culture, which have a low affinity for tetrodotoxin (TTX), have a particularly high affinity for Type 1 anemone toxins [29], whereas Type 2 toxins [30] and scorpion toxins [31] had similar affinities for TTX-sensitive and TTX-insensitive channels in rat neuroblastoma cells and skeletal myotubes, respectively. 

The Anemonia sulcata polypeptides BDS I and II [40], which were claimed to have antihypertensive and antiviral activity, also bind to site 3 on neuronal sodium channels and have weak negative inotropic activity [41]. The points of similarity and difference between the solution structures of BDS I [40] and the long anemone polypeptides have been discussed previously [40,41] and will not be reiterated here suffice to say that the overall folds are similar but the Argl4 loop in the long polypeptides is truncated in BDS I and the molecule lacks several residues that have been shown to be important for activity. 

Alsen C. Biological significance of peptides from Anemonia sulcata. Fed Proc 1983 42 101—108. 

H. Widmer, M. Billeter, and K. Wiithrich, Proteins, 6, 357 (1989). Three-Dimensional Structure of the Neurotoxin ATX la from Anemonia sulcata in Aqueous Solution Determined by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. 

Lukyanov et al. [56] have also proposed that CTI can occur in some GFP-like proteins, where it leads to a dark nonfluorescent state. They based their CTI model on some GFP-like proteins they have isolated. The majority of GFP-like proteins, such as DsRed, are fluorescent and have been isolated from corals. However, there are some nonfluorescent proteins that are in the so-called chromo state ( The chromo state indicates that the protein has a high extinction coefficient but a low quantum yield, whereas in the fluorescent state the protein is characterized by a high quantum yield. ) [56], Most interesting of these is asCP, a unique nonfluorescent GFP-like protein discovered in the sea anemone Anemonia sulcata [57]. Initially nonfluorescent, asCP can be made to fluoresce (kindled) by intense green light irradiation. After kindling the protein relaxes back to its nonfluorescent state, or it can be quenched instantly by short blue light irradiation. 

Anthopleura xanthogrammica Anemonia sulcata Bunodosoma granulifera... 

Schmidtmayer J, Stoye-Herzog M, Ulbricht W (1982) Rate of action of Anemonia sulcata toxin II on sodium channels in myelinated nerve fibres. Pfliigers Arch... 

Driscoll, P.C. Clore, G-M-i Beress, L. Gronenborn, A.M. A Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of The Antihypertensive and Antiviral Protein BDS-1 from The Sea Anemone Anemonia sulcata Sequential and Stereospecific Resonance Assignment and Secondary Structure. Biochemistry. 1989, 28, 2178-2187. 

H.p.l.c. separation of the (—)-camphanic diesters of astaxanthin [3,3 -dihy-droxy-jS,/8-carotene-4,4 -dione (11)] from lobster eggs (Homarus gammarus) showed that all three isomers, (3/2,3 /2), (35,3 5), and (3/2,3 5), were present. This is the first identification of a carotenoid in a natural source." Details of the previously reported" determination of the chirality of peridinin [(35,5/2,6/2,3 5,5 /2,6 5)-5, 6 -epoxy-3,5,3 -trihydroxy-6,7-didehydro-5,6,5, 6 -tetrahydro-10,ll,20-trinor-/8,/8-caroten-19,ll -olide 3-acetate (17)] and dinoxanthin [(35,5/2,6/2,3 5,5 /2,6 5)-5, 6 -epoxy-6,7-didehydro-5,6,5, 6 -tetrahydro-/3,/5-carotene-3,5,3 -triol 3-acetate (12)] have been given."" Sul-catoxanthin from Anemonia sulcata has been shown to be identical to peridinin." ... 

Anemonia sulcata, 18°C Aurelia surita, 13°C Carmarina hastata, 16°C Rhizostoma pulmo, 16°C Porifera... 

N-Dodecanoyl [129646-06-6]. N-Dodecanoyldocosasphinga-4,8-dienine. -Lauroyldocosasphinga-4,8-dienine C34H65NO3 M 535.892 Constit. of Anemonia sulcata and Heteroxenia gardaquensis. Cryst. (Mc2CO). Mp 297-298°. [a]j, -f-2.94 (CHCI3). 

Actinia equina (Mollusca), Calliactis parasitica, Metridium senile (Coelenterata), Geodia gigas (Porifera), and Anemonia sulcata (Coelenterata) reference 7,13,287... 

No cases of fatal reactions to sea anemones have been reported in the literature. We observed two cases of systemic reactions to Anemonia sulcata. The first occurred in a young boy, aged 9 years on the flexural surface of the right thigh, an erythematous-edematous... 

Mansson T, Randle HW, Maudojana RM, Calton CJ, Burnett JW (1985) Recurrent cutaneous jellyfish eruptions without en-venomation. Acta Derm Venereol 65 72-75 Maretec Z, Russel FE (1963) Stings by the sea Anemonia sulcata in the Adriatic sea. J Trop Med Hyg 32 891-894 Meneghini CL (1972) Cases of sea urchin granuloma with positive intradermal test to spine extracts. Contact Dermatitis Newsletter 12 316... 

Maretic, Z., and F.E. Russell Some Epidemiological and Clinical Aspects of Stings by the Sea Anemone Anemonia sulcata. Toxicon 20, 360 (1982). 

ScHEFFLER, J.-J., A. Tsugita, G. Linden, H. Schweitz, and M. Lazdunski The Amino Acid Sequence of Toxin V from Anemonia sulcata. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 107, 272 (1982). 

Schweitz, H., J.-P. Vincent, J. Barhanin, C. Frelin, G. Linden, M. Hugues, and M. Lazdunski Purification and Pharmacological Properties of Eight Sea Anemone Toxins from Anemonia sulcata, Anthopleura xanthogrammica, Stoichactis gigan-teus, and Actinodendron plumosum. Biochemistry 20, 5245 (1981). 

Toxins from Anemonia sulcata, Anthopleura xanthogrammica, Stoichactis giganteus, and Actinodendron plumosum. Toxicon 20, 77 (1982). 

Norton, R.S., J. Zwick, and L. Beress Natural-Abundance C Nuclear-Magnetic-Resonance Study of Toxin II from Anemonia sulcata. Eur. J. Biochem. 113, 75 (1980). 

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