Anemone xanthogrammica

Figure 2. Relative toxicity (LD50 and LD qq) estimates for actiniid sea anemone toxins upon crabs (Carcimis maenas) and mice. Values for Anemonia sulcata (As) and Anthopleura xanthogrammica (Ax) toxins are from ref. 24 data for Condylactis gigantea and Phyl-lactis flosculifera toxins are unpublished (Kem). The arrows indicate that the real mouse LD q values for Cg II and Pf II must exceed the values indicated in the Ogure. Although insufficient data are presently available to quantitatively define a relationship between mammalian and crustacean toxicity, it seems that there is usually an inverse relationship, which may be approximately defined by the stipple zone.

Despite the vast amount of data on the pharmacological properties, very little about the conformation of the proteins has b n known until recent NMR studies. 2D-NMR results have provided detailed information about the secondary structure of several related anemone toxins. ATX I from Anemonia sulcata (3,4) and AP-A from Anthopleura xanthogrammica (5,6) have been studied by Gooley and Norton, and more recently Widmer et al. have further purified the A. sulcata toxins and obtained complete sequence specific assignments for ATX la (7). Our laboratory, on the other hand, has studied the structures of RpII and RpIII from RadiarUhiis paumotensis (8). 

Sea anemone, Anthopleura xanthogrammica-, 0.2 Gy, acute single exposure... 

Na+ uptake into synaptosomes has also been used to study the potentiation of veratridine by site-3 toxins of a scorpion (LqTX) and the sea anemone Anthopleura xanthogrammica (AxTX). Thus on coactivation with 0.1 pM LqTX or 1 pM AxTX the veratridine concentration for half-activation drops approximately from 20 to 1 pM LqTX in the absence of veratridine increases uptake by ca. 60% and AxTX by only ca. 20% (Krueger and Blaustein 1980). Very similar results were obtained on this preparation by Tamkun and Catterall (1981) who found that 0.2 pM LqTX decreases K0.5 of batrachotoxin, veratridine, and aconitine to 0.1,0.07, and... 

The occurrence of the phosphonic acid analogs of ethanolamine phosphate, serine phosphate, and choline phosphate, the three major constituents of phospholipids, has been established by Kittredge et al. (1967) in the sea anemone, Anthopleura xanthogrammica. They isolated and characterized 2-methylaminoethylphosphonic acid (XXXVII) and 2-trimethylaminoethylphosphonic acid (XXXVIII). 

Schweitz, H., J.-P. Vincent, J. Barhanin, C. Frelin, G. Linden, M. Hugues, and M. Lazdunski Purification and Pharmacological Properties of Eight Sea Anemone Toxins from Anemonia sulcata, Anthopleura xanthogrammica, Stoichactis gigan-teus, and Actinodendron plumosum. Biochemistry 20, 5245 (1981). 

Kudo, Y., and S. Shibata The Potent Excitatory Effect of a Novel Polypeptide, Anthopleurin-B, Isolated from a Sea Anemone Anthopleura xanthogrammica) on the Frog Spinal Cord. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 214, 443 (1980). 

Kelso, G.J. and Blumenihal, K.M. (1998) Identification and characterization o f novel sodium channel toxins from ftie sea anemone Anthpleura xanthogrammica. Toxicon. 36, 41-51. 

Mttredge, J.S., Isbell, A.F., and Hughes, R.R. (1967) Isolation and characterization of the N-melhyl derivatives of 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid from the sea anemone, Andwpleura xanthogrammica. Biodiemistry, 6, 289-295. 

Schweitz, H., Vincent, J.P., Barhanin, J., Frelin, C., Linden, G., Hughes, M., and Lazdunski, M. (1981) Purification and pharmacological properties of eight sea anemone toxins from Anemonia sulcata, Anthopleura xanthogrammica, Stoichactis giganteus, and Actinodendron plumosum. Biochemistry, 20, 5245-5252. 

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