And redundancy

We have already mentioned that real-world data have drawbacks which must be detected and removed. We have also mentioned outliers and redundancy. So far, only intuitive definitions have been given. Now, aimed with information theory, we are going firom the verbal model to an algebraic one. 

Ultimately, guidelines such as those above will be taken seriously only if production management carefully configures the alarms. The consequences of excessive and redundant alarms will be felt primarily by those responsible for produc tion operations. Therefore, production management must make adequate resources available for reviewing and analyzing the proposed alarm configurations. 

Amster and Hooper, 1986). Other formulations exist for eomponents in parallel with equal reliability values, as shown in equation 4.69, and for eombinations of series, parallel and redundant eomponents in a system (Smith, 1997). The eomplexity of the equations to find the system reliability further inereases with redundaney of eomponents in the system and the number of parallel paths (Burns, 1994) ... 

Odor control by the addition of dilution air involves a problem associated with the breakdown of the dilution system. If a dilution fan, motor, or control system fails, the odorous material will be released to the atmosphere. If the odor is objectionable, complaints will be noted immediately. Good operation and maintenance of the dilution system becomes an absolute requirement, and redundant systems should be considered. 

When the point values are average probabilities, the overall result from combining system.s as combinations of sequences and redundancies is found by simply combining the mean probabiliiies according to the arithmetic operations. 

The preceding shows the care needed to understand the system logic and redundancies to model a system. Neither the parts count nor FMEA methods aid the analyst in conceptualizing the logical structure... 

Fig 5.1-6 Large LOCA Seismic Event Tree for a i. some of which had been regarded as independent and redundant. Although there is little... 

Some licensees have a switch to bypass RCIC high steam tunnel temperature trips. Some licensees are evaluating improvements to prevent seal LOCAs from loss of seal cooling which are most important for W plants, but B W licensees identified improvements related to alternate seal flow capability under loss of power conditions. The use of high temperature seals is noted for some W plants. Many PWR IPEs identify AFWS improvements. These include additional backup water supplies such as the firewater system and redundant pump cooling capability. Other reliability... 

Matberny M, Eckschlager K (1996) Determination of relevancy and redundancy of the parameters of information theory. Chemom Intell Lab Syst 32 67... 

The principles of organization of elementary molecular components of living beings - the formation of networks and machines, pleiotropy and redundancy - are not independent but are closely interlinked. Pleiotropy results from the involvement of the same networks, or at least of the same functional modules (Hartwell et al., 1999) of these networks, in different functional processes. Redundancy makes the functioning of these networks stable. 

On tolerance and redundancy, see. especially, Gerhart and Kirschner (1997) on genericity. see Newman and Comper (1990) and Sarkar (2002. Chapter 4). 

Volume 30 Phytochemical Diversity and Redundancy in Ecological Interactions Proceedings of the Thirty-fifth Annual Meeting of the Phytochemical Society of North America, SaultSte. Marie, Ontario, Canada, August, 1995... 

Selection of the best sequences and removal of worst and redundant sequences so that the size of population stays constant. 

The process has four separate subsystems for the degree-of-freedom analysis. Redundant variables and redundant constraints are removed to obtain the net degrees of freedom for the overall process. The 2 added to Nsp refers to the conditions of temperature and pressure in a stream +1 represents the heat transfer Q. 

Matching their different and redundant views of similar concepts (such as Customer)... 

Chapter 2 offers a unifying exposure to the relevant concepts of estimability and redundancy, in particular their importance in the decomposition of the general data processing problem. 

Crowe, C. M. (1989). Observability and redundancy of process data for steady state reconciliation. Chem. Eng. Sci. 44, 2909-2917. 

Kretsovalis, A., and Mah, R. S. H. (1988a). Observability and redundancy classification in generalised process networks. I Theorems. Comput. Chem. Eng. 12, 671-687. 

ESTIMABILITY AND REDUNDANCY WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE GENERAL ESTIMATION THEORY... 

Let us now extend the results to dealing with systems where the estimability and redundancy conditions are satisfied. A measurement is considered redundant if its removal causes no loss of estimability. If we consider that the rank of M = g and (m +1) > g, that is, more information is available than is necessary for a unique determination, the following can be stated (Stanley and Mah, 1981a). 

From the results of the previous theorem, we conclude that any system that is estimable and redundant (r > 0) admits a decomposition into its redundant (x0 and nonredundant parts (X2). This conclusion is of paramount importance when applied within the framework of the overall estimation problem. Such a decomposition then allows a new equivalent two-problem formulation of the general least squares problem ... 

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