And LSD

Note It is possible to differentiate amino acids by color on the basis of the markedly different shades produced [2, 3]. Proline and hydroxyproline, that only react weakly with ninhydrin, also yield pink-red colored derivatives [2]. Ergot alkaloids and LSD are detected by spraying with 10% hydrochloric add and then heating to 110°C for 20 min after they have been treated with the reagent [9]. Ergot alkaloids and LSD yield red to purple zones when treated in this manner other alkaloids, e.g. reserpine, emetine, quinine, strychnine, pilocarpine, atropine, scopolamine, cocaine and opium alkaloids, do not give a reaction [9]. 

Aghajanian, G. K. Lakoski, J. M. (1984). Hyperpolarization of serotoninergic neurons by serotonin and LSD studies in brain slices showing increased K+ conductance. Brain Res. 305, 181-5. 

All calculations presented here are based on density-functional theory [37] (DFT) within the LDA and LSD approximations. The Kohn-Sham orbitals [38] are expanded in a plane wave (PW) basis set, with a kinetic energy cutoff of 70 Ry. The Ceperley-Alder expression for correlation and gradient corrections of the Becke-Perdew type are used [39]. We employ ah initio pseudopotentials, generated by use of the Troullier-Martins scheme [40], The coreradii used, in au, were 1.23 for the s, p atomic orbitals of carbon, 1.12 for s, p of N, 0.5 for the s of H, and 1.9, 2.0, 1.5, 1.97,... 

The natural prototype for the phenylalkylamines is mescaline (Structure 1), isolated from the peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii) by Heffter in 1896 (100) and subsequently obtained synthetically by Spath in 1919 (218). Used for many centuries in the form of peyote by Indians in Mexico and the American Southwest (3), it is often referred to as one of the classic hallucinogens, along with psilocybin, psilocin, and LSD. Little structure-activity work was directed toward mescaline or its congeners until 1955, when Peretz et al. (174) reported that a-methyl mescaline (TMA) (8), which represented a hybrid of the structure... 

Kehr, W., and Speckenbach, W. (1978) Effect of lisuride and LSD on monoamine synthesis after axotomy or reserpine treatment in rat brain. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol., 301 163-169. 

Aghajanian, G. K. (1980) Mescaline and LSD facilitate the activation of locus coeruleus neurons by peripheral stimuli. Brain Res., 186 492-498. 

Serotonergic dorsal raphe neurons basic properties, 171-175 identification of, 171-172 current-voltage relationships in, 177 and LSD, 175-178 noradrenergic activations of, 175... 

A second, more extensive experiment involved oral administration of three daily doses (100 mg/kg) of parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA). This tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor (47), like reserpine, enhanced the behavioral effects of LSD (13) moreover, hypersensitivity occurred when 5-HT, but not other monoamine, concentrations were below normal in both forebrain and hindbrain (13). That is, effects were observed at 5 and 12 days (when 5-HT was depleted to 10-20% and 60-70% of normal) but not at 21 days (when 5-HT had returned to normal). Control experiments (13) indicated that (a) the interaction of PCPA, 5-HT, and LSD was probably not caused by generalized hyperactivity or hyperirritability sometimes seen after PCPA (73) (b) PCPA does not affect threshold doses of other psychoactive but nonserotonergic compounds, such as d-amphetamine (0.3 mg/kg) and (c) pretreatment with a-methylparatyrosine, a tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor which depletes catecholamines rather than indoleamines, does not alter sensitivity to LSD. 

Minnema, D. J., and Rosecrans, J. A. (1982) Alterations of the discriminative stimulus produced by d-amphetamine and LSD in rats neonatally depleted of serotonin or dopamine. Psychopharmacology, 76 ALL (abstr.). 

For the purposes of this chapter, hallucinogens are divided into two separate categories. The first section covers the substituted phenylalkylamines, with the prototype for these structures being mescaline. The second category includes indole-based compounds, including various substituted tryptamines, beta-car-bolines, and LSD. 

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