And ice nucleation

Conformations of Five- and Six-Membered Ring Forms 191 Box4-D Antifreeze and Ice-Nucleation Proteins... 

Duman, J.G. (2001). Antifreeze and ice nucleator proteins in terrestrial arthropods. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 63 327-357. 

Lee, R.E. Jr., M.R. Lee, and J.M. Strong-Gunderson (1993a). Insect cold-hardiness and ice nucleating active microorganisms including their potential use for biological control. J. Insect. Physiol. 39 1-12. 

A review of the properties and uses of cholesterol includes references to such diverse information as complex formation, inclusion in cosmetics, liquid crystals, solubilities, and ice nucleation 265 Carcinogenicity associated with 5,6a-epoxy-5a-cholestan-3/3-ol ( cholesterol a-oxide ) may account for earlier indications that cholesterol samples can contain carcinogens hydroperoxides, including the 7-hydroperoxycholesterols which result from autoxidation, have been shown to epox-idize cholesterol in low yields.266... 

Adsorbed water layers on insulator surfaces have been established since the early work of Langmuir.These layers, often called thin film water, have thicknesses of the order of nanometers. For a-Ab03 the film thickness at room temperature and approaching the equilibrium water vapor pressure, is about 2 nm. The thickness of the film at the low temperatures of our experiments has not been measured. Its role in water droplet and ice nucleation needs to be explored. 

Abstract Surface-active organic material is a key component of atmospheric aerosols. The presence of surfactants can influence aerosol heterogeneous chemistiy, cloud formation, and ice nucleation. We review the current state of the science on the sources, properties, and impacts of surfactants in atmospheric aerosols. 

Hallett, J., B. Gardiner, J. Hudson and F. Rogers. Cloud Condensation and Ice Nucleation of a Range of Carbonaceous Aerosols. Preprints, Conf. on Cloud Physics, Snowmass, CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc. 9-12, 1986. 

Fig. 9.2. The excellent crystallographic matching between silver iodide and ice makes silver iodide a very potent nucleating agent for ice crystals. When clouds at sub-zero temperatures are seeded with Agl dust, spectacular rainfall occurs.

There are aspects of cell membranes other than their permeability to water and solutes that also play a critical role in the responses of cells to freezing. The structure of the plasma membrane allows cells to supercool and probably determines their ice-nucleation temperature. The nucleation temperature along with the permeability of membranes to water are the chief determinants of whether cells cooled at... 

Rail, W.F., Mazur, P., McGrath, J.J. (1983). Depression of the ice-nucleation temperature of rapidly cooled mouse embryos by glycerol and dimethyl sulfoxide. Biophys. J. 41, 1-12. 

Recent studies have further examined the iron stress response of pseudomonads using an iron-regulated, ice-nucleation gene reporter (inaZ) for induction of the iron stress response (17,18,84). This particular reporter system was developed by Loper and Lindow (85) for study of microbial iron stress on plant surfaces but was later employed in soil assays. In initial. studies, cells of Pseudomonas fluorescens and P. syringae that contained the pvd-inaZ fusion were shown to express iron-responsive ice-nucleation activity in the bean rhizosphere and phyllosphere. Addition of iron to leaves or soil reduced the apparent transcription of the pvd-inaZ reporter gene, as shown by a reduction in the number of ice nuclei produced. 

In concurrent research involving a longer-term study, the P. fluorescens Pf-5 strain was inoculated into soil used to grow lupine (Lupinus aihus) and barley Hordeum vulgare L.) over a several-week, period (17). It was shown that iron stress was greatest in the zone behind the root tips as compared to older root zones and in the bulk soil. Calibration of the ice-nucleation reporter activity... 

J. E. Loper and M. D. Henkels, Availability of iron to Pseudomonas fliiorescens in rhizosphere and bulk soil evaluated with an ice nucleation reporter gene. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63 99 (1997). 

Compare the freezing points of distilled water and distilled water containing ice-nucleating bacteria. 

Pour 10 mL of distilled water into the test tube and then use a spatula to add 4 or 5 granules of ice-nucleating protein to the water. 

Chow R, Blindt R, Chivers R, Povey M (2005) A study on the primary and secondary nucleation of ice by power ultrasound. Ultrasonics 43 227-230... 

Jung, H.C., Lebeault, J.M. and Pan, J.G. (1998) Surface display of Zymomonas mobilis levansucrase by using the ice-nucleation protein of Pseudomonas syringae. Nature Biotechnology, 16, 576-580. 

Jung, H.C., Park, J.H., Park, S.H. et al. (1998) Expression of carboxymethylcellulaseonthe surface of Escherichia coli using Pseudomonas syringae ice nucleation protein. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 22, 348-354. 

Shimazu, M., Mulchandani, A. and Chen, W. (2001) Cell surface display of organophosphorus hydrolase using ice nucleation protein. Biotechnology Progress, 17, 76-80. 

Burke and Lindow [1.13] showed, that certain bacteria (e. g. Pseudomonas syringae) can act as nuclei for crystallization if their surface qualities and their geometric dimensions are close to those of ice. Rassmussen and Luyet [1.14] developed a connection for solutions of water with ethyleneglycol (EG), glycerol (GL) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) between the subcooling down to the heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation of ice. 

Talsma et al. [1.34] described the freezing behavior of certain liposomes by DSC measurements. Besides the expected influences of freezing and rewarming speeds, and of the CPAs (mannitol and mannitol in Tris-buffer solutions) it was shown, that the heterogeneous and homogeneous crystallization in mannitol solutions exists and the nucleation of ice depends also on the liposome size In small liposomes (e. g. 0.14 pm) mannitol suppressed the heterogeneous crystallization more effectively than in large (0.87 pm) liposomes. If in certain substances no crystallization or eutectic mixtures can be found by DSC (cephalosporin, Williams [1.35]) with the used experimental conditions, one has to seek different conditions [1.32]. 

Burke, M. Lindow, S. E. Surface properties and size of the ice nucleation of active bacteria Theoretical considerations. Cryobiology 27, p. 80-84, Copyright 1990 by Academic Press Inc. 1990... 

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