Anaphylaxis shock

Corticotropin (Acthar) is also used to treat adrenal gland insufficiency and as an anti-inflammatory drug in the treatment of allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis shock. 

Other causes of shock include anaphylaxis, hypoglycemia, hypothyroidism, or Addison s disease. 

Anaphylaxis is the most dramatic and potentially catastrophic manifestation of allergic disorders. It can affect virtually any organ including the cardiovascular system. Cardiovascular collapse and hypotensive shock in anaphylaxis have been attributed to peripheral vasodilation, enhanced vascular permeability and plasma leakage, rather than any direct effect on the myocardium. However, there is increasing experimental and clinical evidence that the human heart is a site and target of anaphylaxis. 

The most frequent symptoms of anaphylaxis in patients with mastocytosis are decreased blood pressure and tachycardia. Also observed are dizziness, dyspnea, flushing, nausea and diarrhea [4]. Severe reactions are typical for patients with mastocytosis. In 55 patients with insect sting allergy and confirmed mastocytosis, 81% of patients experienced severe anaphylaxis with shock or cardiopulmonary arrest, whereas clinical reactions of this severity occurred in only 17% of 504 patients without evidence for mastocytosis and normal tryptase levels [29]. In another study in... 

Marone G, Bova M, Detoraki A. Onorati AM. Rossi FW, Spadaro G The human heart as a shock organ in anaphylaxis. Novartis Found Symp 2004 257 133-149. 

Tetanus in any combination Anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock 7 days... 

It is ironic that possibly the first animal model of relevance to immunotoxicology was reported by Portier and Richet in 1902 [45] in an attempt to induce tolerance to a sea anemone toxin, they accidentally produced a shock reaction in dogs. Since this was not the protective effect they had hoped to produce (phylaxis for protection in Greek), they named the reaction anaphylaxis [46], The irony, of course, is that this serious reaction, mediated by IgE in humans, has proven to be notoriously difficult to predict based on animal studies. This is no trivial issue, since anaphylaxis is a serious, life-threatening reaction associated with exposure to drugs, foods, cosmetic ingredients, and other exogenous substances [47],... 

Since the identification of PAF in the early 1970 s, the autacoid has steadily emerged as a crucial mediator of diverse pathologies. Indeed, PAF is a potent mediator of anaphylaxis and inflammation and is also implicated in shock, graft rejection, renal disease, ovoimplantation and certain disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) [36,44]. There is also accumulating evidence that PAF is capable of modulating the immune response [45, 46]. 

Shock, similar to that of anaphylaxis, may occur as a third form of a delayed systemic hypersensitivity response. However, unlike anaphylaxis, IgE antibodies are not involved. This type of response may occur 5-8 h after systemic exposure and can result in fatality within 24 h following intravenous or intraperitoneal injection. 

Davido, A., Hallali, P. and Boutchnei, T. (1989) Shock caused by glafenine. Apropos of 7 complications. Revue de Medecine Interne, 10, 113-117. van der Klauw, M.M., Wilson, J.H. and Strieker, B.H. (1996) Drug-associated anaphylaxis 20 years of reporting in The Netherlands (1974-1994) and review of the literature. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 26, 1355-1363. 

Arnold and Brown (1978) reported on the possibility that bacterial endotoxins, which are widespread, could result in hypersensitivity to histamine. These compounds are complex, heat-stable, lipopolysaccharide materials produced primarily by Gram-negative bacteria. They also reported that endotoxin is known to be capable of inducing histamine release in animals (sometimes called endotoxin shock) similar to that seen in anaphylaxis. Baranowski et al. (1990), however, reported extremely low levels of endotoxin in both good tuna and tuna known to have caused illness in humans. 

As such they increase eardiae output, dilate bronehioles, and usually produee eonstric-tion of blood vessels, hi medicine, they are eommonly prescribed in eardiae emergencies including shock and anaphylaxis, in some cases for weight loss, and in cold remedies, where they shrink swollen membranes in the upper respiratory tract. 

IV use Severe reactions, including fatalities, have occurred during and immediately after IV injection, even with precautions to dilute the injection and to avoid rapid infusion. These severe reactions resemble hypersensitivity or anaphylaxis, including shock and cardiac or respiratory arrest. Some patients exhibit these severe reactions on receiving vitamin Kfor the first time. Therefore, restrict the IV route to those situations where other routes are not feasible and the serious risk involved is justified. 

Systemic - Systemic reactions are less common and may present as a rash, shortness of breath, fast pulse, sweating, a drop in blood pressure, bronchospasm, shock, anaphylaxis, or angioedema and may be life-threatening. 

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