Analysis of plastics

Mroz Z. (1963) Limit analysis of plastic structures subject to boundary variations. Arch. Mech. Stos 15, 63-76. 

T. R. Crompton, The Analysis of Plastics, Pergamon Press Inc., Ehnsford, New York, 1986. 

Bai [48] presents a linear stability analysis of plastic shear deformation. This involves the relationship between competing effects of work hardening, thermal softening, and thermal conduction. If the flow stress is given by Tq, and work hardening and thermal softening in the initial state are represented... 

In dynamic mechanical analysis of plastics, the material is subjected to a sinusoidal variation of stress and the strain is recorded so that 1, 2 and S can be determined. The classical variation of these parameters is illustrated in Fig. 2.55. 

Chapter 4 describes in general terms the processing methods which can be used for plastics. All the recent developments in this area have been included and wherever possible the quantitative aspects are stressed. In most cases a simple Newtonian model of each of the processes is developed so that the approach taken to the analysis of plastics processing is not concealed by mathematical complexity. 

M.F. Forrest, Analysis of Plastics, Rapra Review Report No. 149, Rapra Technology Ltd, Shawbury (2002). 

J. Haslam, H.A. Wilhs and D.C.M. Squirrell, Identification and Analysis of Plastics, John Wiley Sons, Ltd, Chichester (1983, and earlier editions). 

M.F. Forrest, Analysis of Plastics, Rapra Review Report No. 

Howard [772] has been amongst the first to show the usefulness of conventional SEC for polymer/additive systems. Coupek el al. [773] have also reported results with this technique in an early stage their work was limited to synthetic mixtures of additives. The use of open-column SEC in the analysis of plastics additives has been reported [774], Qualitative analysis of additives has been performed by stopped-flow SEC with IR detection [775]. Polypropylene oligomers were isolated from a PP/(Irganox 1010, Irgafos 168, DBS) matrix by dissolution (toluene)/precipitation (methanol) and Soxhlet... 

For more extensive references on the use of IR techniques the reader is referred to previous compilations [41,42,44]. The application of FUR spectroscopy to the analysis of plastic additives has extensively been reviewed [95]. 

Relatively few descriptions of direct mass spectral analysis of plastics compounds have appeared in the literature [22,37,63,240,243], Additives in PP were thermally desorbed into a heated reservoir inlet for 80 eV EI-MS analysis [240], Analysis of additives in PP compounds via direct thermal desorption ammonia CI-MS has been described [269] and direct mass spectrometric oligomer analysis has been reported [21],... 

Two practical problems in the analysis of plastics by NAA, namely contamination during sample preparation... 

Lee et al. [451] have described procedures to overcome several practical problems in the analysis of plastics by NAA more than 30 elements were analysed in eight PE and six PP materials in the range of sub-ppb to per cent. Table 8.73 shows the close correspondence of the results for quantitative determination of Mg in PP by means of NAA and LA-ICP-MS [465]. Also, a comparison of NAA and EDXRF for the determination of Ba, Cr, Fe and Ti in polycarbonate was reported [465a]. 

Ehrenstein, G. W. Thermal Analysis of Plastics Principles and Applications. (2004) Hanser Gardner Publications, Cincinnati. 

M. Bolgar, J. Hubbal, J. Groger and S. Meronek, Handbook for the Chemical Analysis of Plastic and Polymer Additives, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2007. 

J.M. Chalmers and N.J. Everall, Qualitative and quantitative analysis of plastics, polymers and rubbers by vibrational spectroscopy. In N.J. Everall, J.M. Chalmers and P.R. Griffiths (Eds.), Vibrational Spectroscopy of Polymers Principles and Practice, Wiley, Chichester, 2007, pp. 1-67. 

The AAS technique is in competition with plasma emission spectroscopy (Section 2.6) for the elemental analysis of plastic, rubber and other polymeric... 

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