Analysis of heterogeneity

In modem Hquid-fuel combustion equipment the fuel is usually injected into a high velocity turbulent gas flow. Consequently, the complex turbulent flow and spray stmcture make the analysis of heterogeneous flows difficult and a detailed analysis requires the use of numerical methods (9). 

Volume 57A Spectroscopic Analysis of Heterogeneous Catalysts. Part A Methods of Surface Analysis edited by J.L.G. Fierro... 

J. M. Whitney and A. W. Leissa, Analysis of Heterogeneous Anisotropic Plates, Journal of Applied Mechanics, June 1969, pp. 261-266. 

The fundamental fact on which the analysis of heterogeneous reactions is based is that when a component is present as a pure liquid or as a pure solid, its activity may be taken as unity, provided the pressure on the system does not differ very much from the chosen standard state pressure. At very high pressures, the effect of pressure on solid or liquid activity may be determined using the Poynting correction factor. 

In addition to the determination of molar mass distributions and various molar mass averages there are many experiments, requiring sometimes sophisticated data evaluation, that can be carried out with an analytical ultracentrifuge. Examples are the analysis of association, the analysis of heterogeneity, the observation of chemical reactions, and protein characterization, to mention only a few. A detailed discussion is beyond the scope of this article, but there is excellent literature available [77-79,81,87-89]... 

Jameson D. M., Gratton E. and Hall R. D. (1984) The Measurement and Analysis of Heterogeneous Emissions by Multi-frequency Phase and Modulation Fluorometry, Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. 20, 55—... 

Ida, N Hartmann, T., Pantel, J et al. (1996) Analysis of heterogeneous A4 peptides in human cerebrospinal fluid and blood by a newly developed sensitive Western blot assay. J. Biol. Chem. 271,22908-22914. 

Spectroscopic Analysis of Heterogeneous Catalysts. Part B Chemisorption of... 

In situ Analysis of Heterogeneous Catalysts in Chemical Energy Conversion... 

As applied in the analysis of heterogeneous phenomena, a well known serious limitation of the purely kinetic approach is the extremely difficult description, in terms of kinetics, of phase equilibria of individual phases in the reaction system at its operation. In a system at full equilibrium, the traditional instrument for studying these phenomena is classical ther modynamics, while thermodynamics of non equilibrium processes can help in analyzing evolving systems. 

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