Analysis, biological electrochemical

MD Lucock, M Green, R Hartley, MI Levene. Physicochemical and biological factors influencing methylfolate stability use of dithiothreitol for HPLC analysis with electrochemical detection. Food Chem 47 79-86, 1993. 

Frenzel W, Bratter P (1987) Applications of electroanalytical flow analysis in the trace element determination of biological materials. In Bratter P, Schramel P (eds) Trace element analytical chemistry in medicine and biology. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, p 337 van den Berg CMG (1999) Determination of trace elements. Analysis by electrochemical methods. In Grasshoff K, Kremling K, Ehrhardt M (eds) Methods of seawater analysis. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, p 302 Kalvoda R (2000) Crit Rev Anal Chem 30 31 Mart L (1979) Fresenius Z Anal Chem 296 350 Barek J, Mejstfik V, Muck A, Zima J (2000) Crit Rev Anal Chem 30 37... 

Specifics on the type of biological attack. This must be done by some other method such as chemical analysis of the solution (plus consideration given to limitations to the use of these several electrochemical techniques for MIC studies, noted previously under Corrosion Testing Laboratoiy Tests and subsequent subsections). 

The coupling of a mass spectrometer to CE and CEC provides a powerful system for the analysis of pharmaceuticals and complex biological mixtures. This can replace or complement other conventional detection methods such as UV, electrochemical, or LIE that provide less structural information. The use of mass spectrometer as a detector enhances the usefulness of the CE and CEC and allows an efficient separation and identification of complex mixtures, obtaining structure and/or molecular mass information. The choice of mass analyzers used in CE/CEC-MS depends on factors such as sensitivity, mass resolution, requirement for structural elucidation, and the type of application (Table 5). The analyzers that have been used in CEC analysis include time-of-flight (TOE), quadrupole (Q), ion-trap (IT), fourier... 

Analytical Techniques Atomic absorption spectrometry, 158, 117 multielement atomic absorption methods of analysis, 158, 145 ion microscopy in biology and medicine, 158, 157 flame atomic emission spectrometry, 158, 180 inductively coupled plasma-emission spectrometry, 158, 190 inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, 158, 205 atomic fluorescence spectrometry, 158, 222 electrochemical methods of analysis, 158, 243 neutron activation analysis, 158, 267. 

Nitrite and nitrate may also be determined by HPLC using anion-exchange columns with either UV absorption or electrochemical detection. These methods are generally used for environmental samples and urine where fewer interfering compounds exist. The more extensive sample preparation and analysis time have limited its use for biological samples. 

Magnetic AC atomic force microscopy (MAC Mode AFM) has proved to be a powerful surface analysis technique to investigate the interfacial and conformational properties of biological samples softly bound to the electrode surface and can be used as an important tool to characterize DNA-electrochemical biosensor surfaces [25,27],... 

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