Anabasis

Comparison of these results indicates identity of the two substances isolated independently by Orekhov and Ehrenstein, but Spiith and Kesztler have suggested that Pictet s nicoteine and Ehrenstein s base, consisted of impure Z-anatabine (p. 46). In this connection it may be noted that Ehrenstein s base was laevorotatory in acid solution, whereas Salts of anabasine are dextrorotatory. These authors have themselves isolated Z-anabasine from tobacco. The identity of synthetic 2-(3 -Pyridyl)piperidine with dZ-anabasine seems to have been definitely established. Anabasis aphylla is the source of the anabasine raanufac-... 

Pyridine Group. Piperine, Piperovatine, Leucenol, Mimosine, Alkaloids of Ricinus communis, Foenugrec, vy eca Nut, Hemlock, Lobelia, Tobacco (Nicotiana spp.). Anabasis aphylla, Pomegranate Root Bark. ... 

Amico (SIT)-comb. Aminozim (Pierrel)-comb. Anabasi (Zilliken) Calciozim (Pierrel)-comb. Calisvit (Menarini)-comb. Cobaforte (Roussel) Cocametina B12 (Sigma-Tau)-comb. 

In Desert ecosystems similar to Steppe ecosystems the plants distinctly exhibit their biogeochemical specificity. We can consider the distribution of heavy metals in Dry Desert ecosystems of the Ustyurt Plateau, Kazakhstan, with predominance of wormwood (Artemisia terrae albae) and saxaul (Anabasis salsa). In rubble stone territories, of common occurrence is the dense shrubbery of Sasola anbuscula. Most elements found in the wormwood occur in their highest concentrations. In the roots of the wormwood and saxaul, higher contents of Mn, Cu, Mo, and Sr have been monitored, whereas the aerial parts contain more Ti, V, and Zr. We can see that the root elements are most biologically active and those in aerial parts, more inert. Possibly their presence was related to the dust exposure and deposition on the plant exterior (see above). 

Figure 4. Coefficients ofbiogeochemical uptake of trace metals by plant species of the Ustyurt Plateau Dry Desert ecosystems. 1 —wormwood (Artemisia terrae albae), aerial parts 2—roots 3—saxaul (Anabasis salsa), aerial parts and 4—roots (Dobrovolsky, 1994).

Figure 5. Coefficients of bio geochemical uptake of trace metals by cenospecific plant species of Gobi Extra-Dry Desert ecosystems, Central Asia. 1—Flaloxylon ammodendron 2—Iljina regeli 3—Ephedra Przewalskii 4—Anabasis brevifolia (Dobrovolsky, 1994).

In plain autonomous ecosystems the fluxes of sodium are less 40 g/ha/yr and those of Mg are less than 10 g/ha/yr. For iron these values are close to 1 g/ha/yr, and for all heavy metals, are between 0.01 and 0.04 g/ha/yr. In the geochemically subordinate landscapes (Naloxylon ammodendron and Ephedra przewalskii ecosystems) which receive additional moisture and chemical elements, the biogeochemical exposure fluxes are 360-912 g/ha/yr for Mg and Na, and from 0.44 to 6.65 g/ha/yr for heavy metals. In the periphery of the Gobi desert, Anabasis brevifloria and Graminaceae Dry Desert ecosystems show the overall increase of biogeochemical fluxes. The turnover for some elements (Mg, V, Cr) rises but slightly in comparison to their turnover in Extra-Dry ecosystems, whereas the turnover for other elements (Sr, Zn, Cu) increases several times. 

Source Pyridine occurs naturally in potatoes, anabasis, henbane leaves, peppermint (0 to 1 ppb), tea leaves, and tobacco leaves (Duke, 1992). Identified as one of 140 volatile constituents in used soybean oils collected from a processing plant that fried various beef, chicken, and veal products (Takeoka et al., 1996). 

Lupinus luteus L., Lupinus hispanicus L., Lupinus hirsutus L. They have also been found in Anabasis aphyla. In absolute configuration, lupinine is in its (—)-form, which is non-stable thermally, and is easily epimerized to epilupinine, which is a stable (+)- form of lupinine . The melting point of (—)-lupinine is 70-71 °C, of mixed (+ and —)-lupinine 63-64°C, and of (+)-lupinine (synthetic)... 

Although discussion of the chemistry and biochemistry of pyridylpiperi-dines, bipiperidines, and related reduced bipyridines is outside the scope of a review on bipyridines, it is necessary for the understanding of subsequent sections of this review to record the structures of reduced 2,3 -bipyridines that occur naturally. Several compounds of this type are important alkaloids isolated from several plant species, notably. Anabasis, Duboisia, Mackinlaya, Marsdenia, Nicotiana, and Priesteya. Anabasine (also known as neonicotinel has structure 12 (R = H), and is insecticidal. The closely related structures 1-methylanabasine (12 R = anatabine (13 R = its... 

Nicotinoids. Nicotine from tobacco was one of the earliest insecticides and was recommended for use in 1763 as a tea for the destruction of aphids (1,20). Nicotine [54-11 -3], L-l-methyl-2-(3 -pyridyl)pyrrolidine (1) (bp 247°C, d 1.009), is found in the leaves of Nicotiana tobacum and N. rustica (Solanaceae) in amounts ranging from 2 to 14%, and also is found in Duboisia hopwoodii and in Aesclepias syriaca. It occurs as the principal alkaloid along with small amounts of 12 other alkaloids of which nomicotine [494-97-3], 2-(3,-pyridyl)pyrrolidine (2) (bp 270°C, d 1.07 g/mL), and anabasine [494-52-0], l-2-(3 -pyridyl)piperidiae (3) (bp 281°C, d 1.048), are of insecticidal importance (see Alkaloids). Nomicotine occurs as both the D and L forms, the former in D. hopn oodii and the latter commonly predominating in Nicotiana. Anabasine is the chief alkaloid of Anabasis aphylla, where it occurs from 1—2% in the shoots and is found to ca 1% in Nicotianaglauca. 

Neonicotine) Anabasis aphylla (Chenopodiaceae), Sophora [insecticidal, toxic]... 

The well-known piperidine alkaloid anabasine, found in Anabasis aphylla L. (Chenopodiaceae) and Nicotiana glauca Graeb. (Solanaceae), is thought to be synthesized in plants through dimerization of A1-piperideine (followed by oxidation).243 A terpyridine nicotelline (173) was found in tobacco leaf,244andits structure was proved by synthesis.245... 

G. W. Ewing, Instrumental Methods of Chemical Anabasis, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1985. 

A solution of hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride (0.43 g., 0.0016 mole) in 70 ml. of 3.4 M HCl is heated to 70° on a hot plate. To this solution iron(III) chloride 6-hydrate (1.4 g., 0.005 mole) in 10 ml. of hot water is added. The resulting solution is heated for a few minutes until orange crystals begin to form. After the mixture has been cooled to room temperature, the crj stals are collected on a Buchner funnel, washed with alcohol and ether, and dried in an evacuated desiccator over potassium hydroxide or sulfuric acid. A typical jdeld is 0.42 g. (first crop, 60%) plus 0.10 g. (second crop, 14%). Anal. Calcd. for [Co(NH3)6]-[FeCb] N, 19.54 H, 4.18 Cl, 49.55. Found N, 19.52 H, 4.13 Cl, 48.42. (The volumetric chloride anabasis is difficult because of the interference of iron with the end point.)... 

Anabasine, a minor tobacco alkaloid in plants of Anabasis aphylla, is found in trace amounts in tobacco smoke, and, like nicotine, is one of the earliest known insecticides. In maximum current generation studies anabasine is equivalent to ACh and appears to act at the a nicotinic ACh receptor. ISQ analogs of anabasine were prepared but no pharmacological activity was reported [33],... 

Nicotine.nornicotine, anabasi ne.anatabine, cotinine.N -formyl-norni coti ne,myosmi ne, 2,3 -dipyridyl Analysis in tobacco (Fig.3.1) Lichrosorb RP18 250x2 (two in series) A 0.07M TrEA (pH 7.56 with H,P0.) B ACN J linear gradient 0-25% B in A in 90 min 23... 

Derivation (1) Extraction from Anabasis aphylla and Nicotiana glauca, (2) synthetic. 

Chenopodiaceae. The alkaloid content in the twigs of Anabasis aphylla L. decreases toward the end of the vegetative period. When the aerial portion is severed the regenerated shoots are rich in alkaloid. Salsola ricMeri Karel similarly shows a decrease in alkaloid content at maturity and then salsoline predominates (355). 

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