An introduction to the following chapters

The following chapters have been contributed by a set of international scientists actively developing a range of potential techniques that the physical sciences have to offer. In the subsections below is a brief summary of each chapter s content. 

---

Electronegativity, Mendeleev number, Miedema parameters. A few semi-empirical parameters and scales which are useful as reference data in the systematic description (or even prediction) of the alloying behaviour of the different metals will be presented here also as an introduction to the following paragraphs. The closely related basic concepts of chemical periodicity and electron configurations will be reminded in Chapter 4. 

In the following text we present a very short synopsis both of the DFT approach and the ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) method that can by no means be considered as an introduction to the use of the computational tools based on them. The interested reader will find exhaustive treatment of these arguments elsewhere in this book (Chapter 1). 

This chapter provides an introduction to the functional organization of the CNS and its synaptic transmitters as a basis for understanding the actions of the drugs described in the following chapters. 

Chapter 14 deals with orbital correlation diagrams following Woodward and Hoffmann [3]. State wave functions and properties of electronic states are deduced from the orbital picture, and rules for state correlation diagrams are reviewed, as a prelude to an introduction to the field of organic photochemistry in Chapter 15. 

The chapter is divided into the following sections. First, a brief introduction to group contribution methods is given with a major emphasis on the concept and limitations of this technique. An introduction to the use of chemical graph theory and how it applies to polymers and in particular to the dielectric constant is given next. Application of the method to a number of polyimides is then demonstrated and predictions are compared to experimental results. 

This chapter begins with an introduction to the basic principles that are required to apply radical reactions in synthesis, with references to more detailed treatments. After a discussion of the effect of substituents on the rates of radical addition reactions, a new method to notate radical reactions in retrosynthetic analysis will be introduced. A summary of synthetically useful radical addition reactions will then follow. Emphasis will be placed on how the selection of an available method, either chain or non-chain, may affect the outcome of an addition reaction. The addition reactions of carbon radicals to multiple bonds and aromatic rings will be the major focus of the presentation, with a shorter section on the addition reactions of heteroatom-centered radicals. Intramolecular addition reactions, that is radical cyclizations, will be covered in the following chapter with a similar organizational pattern. This second chapter will also cover the use of sequential radical reactions. Reactions of diradicals (and related reactive intermediates) will not be discussed in either chapter. Photochemical [2 + 2] cycloadditions are covered in Volume 5, Chapter 3.1 and diyl cycloadditions are covered in Volume 5, Chapter 3.1. Related functional group transformations of radicals (that do not involve ir-bond additions) are treated in Volume 8, Chapter 4.2. 

This chapter gives brief general descriptions of the sensory properties of the most important substance groups. It is intended as an introduction to the more detailed sensory information in the following tables. 

In this chapter, an introduction to the principles of regeneration as they have been developed in the field of water-based electroplating is given. With this background, a discussion of the purification options for ionic liquids is presented, followed by a first case study. 

The book is organized as follows. Chapter 2 provides an introduction to the mathematical description of multiple-time-scale systems and to singular... 

In the present chapter, the main focus will be on the most common electrochemical techniques and methods used in the elucidation of reaction mechanisms. In general, it is possible from a quantitative analysis of the relation between current and potential to formulate even complex reaction mechanisms that incorporate preceding and/or follow-up reactions. A part of this text is devoted specifically to the description of the procedures used in the extraction of standard potentials and rate constants once the mechanism is known. However, before a discussion of the individual techniques can be accomplished, an introduction to the basic concepts in electrochemistry seems appropriate. For obvious reasons, this part can only be of limited length in a chapter, and for the reader who would appreciate a more detailed description of the basic principles, we recommend the book of Bard and Faulkner [1]. 

In this chapter we provide a brief review of different nanolithography and nanomanipulation techniques. We discuss mainly such techniques as templated growth, dip pen lithography, anodic oxidation and scanning probe microscope based nanomanipulation. The chapter contains an introduction to the basic techniques followed by examples of such nanostructure growth. 

This Chapter provides a brief historical overview of chemical nomenclature (Section IR-1.2) followed by summaries of its aims, functions and methods (Sections IR-1.3 to IR-1.5). There are several systems of nomenclature that can be applied to inorganic compounds, briefly described in Section IR-1.5.3.5 as an introduction to the later, more detailed, chapters. Because each system can provide a valid name for a compound, a flowchart is presented in Section IR-1.5.3 which should help identify which is the most appropriate for the type of compound of interest. Section IR-1.6 summarises the major changes from previous... 

Chapter 2 provides a brief introduction to the mesoscale description of polydisperse systems. In this chapter the many possible number-density functions (NDF), formulated with different choices for the internal coordinates, are presented, followed by an introduction to the PBE in their various forms. The chapter concludes with a short discussion on the differences between the moment-transport equations associated with the PBE, and those arising due to ensemble averaging in turbulence theory. 

---