An Evolutionary Model

Vaa (2013) even goes so far as to suggest that part of the reason why non-raised pedestrian crossings do not always improve safety is that a pedestrian represents a small, and rarely encountered, survival threat to a car driver, whereas a raised pedestrian crossing, by threatening to directly damage vehicles every time it is encountered, is more of a direct threat. 

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An Evolutionary Model for Competence Stimulating Peptide Diversity 312... 

Nakai S, Wakita H, Nuccio M, Italiano F (1997) MORB-type neon in an enriched mantle beneath Etna, Sicily. Earth Planet Sci Lett 153 57-66 Nappi G, Renzulli A, Santi P (1987) An evolutionary model for the Paleo-Bolsena and Bolsena Volcanic Complexes a structural and petrographic study. Per Mineral 56 241-267... 

More work is required to understand the adaptive significance of the small-world character in experiments in which the above explanations can be independently controlled in an evolutionary model of dynamic autocatalytic metabolism. 

Figure 13 An evolutionary model of time versus the ei82- v composition of the silicate Earth for the first 50 of Earth s history. The higher composition of the Earth relative to chondrites can only be balanced by a complementary lower than chondrites reservoir in the core. Extraction age models for the core are a function of the decay constant, the difference between the silicate Earth and chondrites, the proportion of W and Hf in the mantle and core and the rate of mass extraction to the core. Details of these models are given in the above citations, with the upper limit of the age curves shown here (sources Yin et al, 2002 Kleine et al, 2002 ...

Owen-Smith, N, 1977, On territoriality in ungulates, and an evolutionary model, Q, Rev. Biol, 52 1. 

As presented in this chapter, today, much is known about the process of terpene biosynthesis. The accumulated knowledge includes a detailed picture about the biosynthesis of the terpenoid monomers IPP and DMAPP either via the mevalonate or the DXP route and their interconversion by isomerases. Also, the stereochemical courses and enzyme mechanisms of all transformations have been largely elucidated. Especially the recently obtained structural data of prenyltransferases and various kinds of terpene synthases resulted in an evolutionary model that involves six domains (a, P, 7,8, e, and Q for the biosynthesis of linear polyisoprenoids from IPP and DMAPP and their subsequent transformation into (poly)cyclic terpenes. All these insights may open up new chances in controlling terpene biosynthesis, e.g., by directed evolution of terpene cyclases or domain swaps in multi-domain enzymes for the production of new terpenes, reconstitution of terpene biosynthetic pathways in heterologous hosts for production optimization, or targeted inhibitirm of pathways in pathogens for disease control. 

Plant-based therapies originate from an evolutionary model, refined and e5q)anded by learning and culture [HAR 05]. The use of biodiversity surrounding human beings for medical purposes is an approach originating fi-om food avoidance/selection relationships, as well as informed self-medication behaviors observed in some animal species. These behaviors are nevertheless rarely integratively studied a solid interpretation, therefore. 

Until about the second World War chemical processes were developed in an evolutionary way by building plants of increasing size and capacity. The capacity of the next plant in the series was determined by a scale-up factor that depended mainly upon experience gained from scale-ups of similar plants. Due to a lack of predictive models for chemical processes and operations, processes had to be scaled up in many small steps. This procedure was very expensive and the results unreliable. Therefore, large safety margins were incorporated in scale-up procedures, which often resulted in a significant unintended overcapacity of the designed plant. 

Inhibitory controls are found in the glomerular microcircuits which underlie the PB effect, and could represent a common model for the local functions of the AOB (Brennan, 1990 Taylor, 1991). Indeed, its simplicity has led to suggestions that it represents an evolutionary conserved neural subset (Fig. 5.4) for mate-recognition (Keveme, 1990... 

AI methods may be used in various ways. The models may be used as a standalone application, e.g., in recent work on the design of microwave absorbers using particle swarm optimization (PSO).6 Alternatively, a computational tool, such as a finite element analysis or a quantum mechanical calculation, may be combined with an AI technique, such as an evolutionary algorithm. 

Massive stars play an important role in numerous astrophysical contexts that range from the understanding of starburst environments to the chemical evolution in the early Universe. It is therefore crucial that their evolution be fully and consistently understood. A variety of observations of hot stars reveal discrepancies with the standard evolutionary models (see [1] for review) He and N excesses have been observed in O and B main sequence stars and large depletions of B accompanied by N enhancements are seen in B stars and A-F supergiants [2,3,4,5], All of these suggest the presence of excess-mixing, and have led to the development of a new generation of evolutionary models which incorporate rotation (full reviews in [1], [6], [7]). 

Abstract. We present metallicities for 487 red giants in the Carina dwarf spheroidal (dSph) galaxy that were obtained from FLAMES low-resolution Ca triplet (CaT) spectroscopy. We find a mean [Fe/H] of —1.91dex with an intrinsic dispersion of 0.25 dex, whereas the full spread in metallicities is at least one dex. The analysis of the radial distribution of metallicities reveals that an excess of metal poor stars resides in a region of larger axis distances. These results can constrain evolutionary models and are discussed in the context of chemical evolution in the Carina dSph. 

Fig. 5.19. Evolutionary track in the HR diagram of an AGB model of total mass 0.6 Mq, initial composition (Y, Z) = (0.25, 0.001 Z /20). Heavy dots marked 2 to 11 indicate the start of a series of thermal pulses (see Fig. 5.20), which lead to excursions along the steep diagonal lines. Numbers along the horizontal and descending track indicate times in years relative to the moment when an ionized planetary nebula appears and (in parentheses) the mass of the envelope in units of Mq. R = 0.0285 indicates a line of constant radius (R in solar units) corresponding to the white-dwarf sequence. Shaded areas represent earlier evolutionary stages for stars with initial masses 3,5 and 7 Mq and the steep broken line marks the high-temperature boundary of the instability strip in which stars pulsate in their fundamental mode. The y-axis gives log L/Lq. Adapted from Iben and Renzini (1983).

Mealey, L. (1995). The sociobiology of sociopathy An integrated evolutionary model. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 18, 523-599. 

The whole art in the study of galactic evolution is to put forward a model that relates to available data, taking their volume and accuracy into account. Consequently, the evolutionary model must itself be conceived in an evolutionary way. 

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