Among the Pediatric Population

Pediatric Pulmonary and INSERM UMR S719 AP-HP, Hopital Armand Trousseau and Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France 

Physiology Department and INSERM 841 AP-HP, Hopital Raymond Poincare and Universite Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Garches, France 

NPPV is mostly used on an empirical basis in children, with a considerable gap between the expanding use and the lack of precise knowledge on physiological benefits. 

This makes it difficult to establish both the appropriate timing of initiation of NPPV and the most pertinent therapeutic goals. 

This chapter focuses on long-term ventilatory support in infants and children. Because of the preferential use of NPPV, we will focus on this technique. The place of a tracheostomy will be discussed in the chapter, dealing with the limits and side effects of NPPV. 

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Another characteristic of egg allergy is that it is observed markedly in the pediatric population and less prevalendy in the adult population (Table 16.1). In the United States, the prevalence of egg allergy has been reported to be 1.3% among young children and 0.2% among adults [2]. In Norway, it has been presumed as high as 2.6% of infants (0 to 2.5 years old) [27]. 

Similarly, Kaplan and Busner (1997) assessed the prevalence of psychotropic use during 1991 among inpatient pediatric (< 18 years) populations who were treated by child psychiatrists in a New York suburban area. One state, one county-university, and one private hospital were surveyed. Findings showed that overall, 79% (state), 68% (county-university), and 76% (private) of the child and adolescent patients in the population received a psychotropic treatment during the course of the study. The prevalence of antidepressant treatment in the private hospital was very high (80%) but relatively low in the other hospitals (26% each). Antipsychotics were prescribed to 74% of the county hospital patients, and to 57% and 35% of the patients at the other locations. Stimulants were prescribed only rarely (2%, 3%, and 4% of patients). Lithium was prescribed to 35% and 34% of state and county hospital patients, respectively, and to 16% of private hospital patients. Other mood stabilizers (anticonvulsants) were prescribed frequently to private and county hospital patients (31% and 23%, respectively). 

Chung EK, Webb D, Clampet-Lundquist S, et al A comparison of elevated blood lead levels among children living in foster care, their siblings, and the general population. Pediatrics 107 e81, 2001... 

Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn s disease and ulcerative colitis) occurs among all age groups but has peaks of incidence in the second and fourth decade of life. Currently, corticosteroid therapy is the most effective treatment for moderate to severe cases of IBD. Ocular pathology in the setting of IBD may be related to inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract or secondary to corticosteroid treatment. The two major ocular side effects of systemic corticosteroid therapy are posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC) and raised intraocular pressure (lOP). Recently, we reported that PSC was detected in 12 of 58 (20.7%) corticosteroid-treated pediatric IBD patients and that 21 patients of the same population (36.2%) had raised lOP. Because pediatric IBD patients continue corticosteroid therapy into adulthood, we analyzed the prevalence of PSC and raised lOP in a series of adult IBD patients. 

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