Ammonium Netherlands

HPO [Hydroxylamine phosphate oxime] A process for making caprolactam, an intermediate in the manufacture of polyamides. It differs from related processes, such as HSO, in producing less of the ammonium sulfate by-product. Developed by DSM Research, The Netherlands, operated by DSM Polymers and Hydrocarbons, and offered for license by Stamicarbon. 

Netherlands significant) (ammonium lactate) 12.4-281 mg kg-1 (means), biomass N/P ratios between 4.5 and 15.9 (means) (2003)... 

The Netherlands, with endangered (ammonium acetic-acid Venterink... 

The research into energetic molecules which produce a large amount of gas per unit mass, led to molecular structures which have a high hydrogen to carbon ratio. Examples of these structures are hydrazinium nitroformate (HNF) and ammonium dinitramide (ADN). The majority of the development of HNF has been carried out in The Netherlands whereas the development of ADN has taken place in Russia, USA and Sweden. ADN is a dense non chlorine containing powerful oxidiser and is an interesting candidate for replacing ammonium perchlorate as an oxidiser for composite propellants. ADN is less sensitive to impact than RDX and HMX, but more sensitive to friction and electrostatic spark. 

D-24851 and the internal standards D-24851-D4 (formula) were obtained from Baxter Oncology (Frank-furt/Main, Germany). Methanol and hexane were used in HPLC supragradient grade quality from Biosleve Ltd. (Amsterdam, Netherlands). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ammonium acetate, formic acid (pro analysis quality) and diethyl ether (uvasol quality) were purchased from Merck KgaA (Darmstadt, Germany). 

As mentioned previously, we could not find a correlation between the proton and ammonium concentrations in precipitation. The ammonium in rain water is a mixture of ammonium from different orglns. We looked, therefore, for any relationship between the proton concentraton in precipitation CXI the one hand, and the quantity of ammonia emitted in The Netherlands on the other. In The Netherlands, there are hardly any ammonia emitters the quantity emitted by industry is very anall. The major source of ammonia has to be found in our fertilizers. Of course, only a few percent of the fertilizer used for agricultural purposes will disappear into the atmosphere. The quantities of fertilizer used in The Netherlands amounted, expressed as nitrogen, from 307 x 103 tons in I960 to 590 x 103 tons in 1978 (see Table 9). 

When ammonia is present in the atmosphere, the washout SO2, partially transformed into sulfuric acid can be neutralized more or less by forming ammonium salts. Now in some parts of The Netherlands I found that because of the presence of peroxides and ozone and perhaps other oxidizing agents, the content of ammonia in the ambient air and the presence of ammonium in precipitation was very small to negligible. When ammonia in the atmosphere is present, by the formation of ammonium bisulfates in precipitation, theoretically, the pH can reach a minimum value of about 2.6. In certain parts of The Netherlands, due to lack of sufficient ammonia in the atmosphere I suppose, in single precipitation samples before 1974 I found pH values between 2 and 2.6. 

Akzo Chemie Method VE/2.007 Fatty quaternary ammonium salts Determination of activity. Akzo Chemie Research Center, Deventer, Netherlands. 

The currently most promising chlorine-free oxidizers which are being researched at present are ammonium dinitramide (ADN), which was first developed in Russia (Nikolaj Latypov) and is being commercialized today by EURENCO, as well as the nitroformate salts hydrazinium nitroformate (HNF, APP, Netherlands) and triaminoguanidinium nitroformate (Germany) (Fig. 1.19) [8]. The salt hydroxyl ammonium nitrate, HO—NH3 NO3 (HAN) is also of interest. However, all four compounds possess relatively low decomposition temperatures and TAGNF only has a positive oxygen balance with respect to CO (not to CO2). 

PHOSPAQ [Phosphate Paques] A process for removing phosphate from wastewater by precipitation as struvite (ammonium magnesium phosphate). The struvite can be used as a fertilizer. Developed and offered by Paques, the Netherlands. 

The monomer, butyl acrylate (BA), was purchased from SRL India Ltd and sodium silicate (SS) was a gift of a solid granular sample (CAS 1344-098, Batch No. 2023BB H20-1) from PQ Corporation, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Copper sulfate, glycine and ammonium persulfate (APS) were of analytical grade and used as such. All solutions were prepared using doubly distilled water. 

---