Ammonium acetate hydrocarbons

Fig. XI-14. Effect of hydrocarbon chain length on the f potential of quartz in solutions of alkylammonium acetates and in solutions of ammonium acetate. (From Ref. 183.)...

Another approach to separate butadiene from other hydrocarbons is to use a solution containing cuprous ammonium acetate that forms a weak copper(I) complex with butadiene (243,244). The latter process has been used in a number of plants. 

P-methoxypropionitrile (Fajen, 1985a), furfural and aqueous cuprous ammonium acetate (United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 1990b). Stabilizers are commonly used to prevent formation of peroxides in air and polymerization. No information was available on these other exposures, or on exposures to chemicals other than butadiene that are produced in some facilities, such as butylenes, ethylene, propylene, polyethylene and polypropylene resins, methyl-tert-butyl ether and aromatic hydrocarbons (Fajen, 1985b,c). 

The acetio acid used in the arts and in pharmacy is prepared by the destructive diatiUatiou of wood. The products of the distiUation, which vary with the nature of the wood used, are numerous. Charcoal remains in the retort, while the distilled product consists of an acid, wateiy liquid a tany material and gaseous producta The gases are carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons they are sometimes used for illuminating purposes, but are usually directed into the furnace, where they serve as fuel. The tar is a mixture of empyreuznatsc oils, hydrocarbons, phenol, oxyphenol, acetic acid, ammonium acetate, etc. 

The composition of the reagent gas plasma is controlled by the mobile phase composition. It contains reactant ions of the type HsO, CH30H2, CHsCNH, etc., in most cases solvated by solvent molecules, for example, CH30H2 (H20)n(CH30H)ni with n + m < 4. The presence of ammonia vapor, for example, as a result of the evaporation of ammonium acetate added to the mobile phase, causes rapid removal of protonated solvent ions with formation of ammonium ions that become the dominant reagent gas ions. The addition of alkylamines or acids to the mobile phase results in the formation of protonated amines or anions as the dominant species in the reagent gas plasma. Since highly reactive ions, such as CHs" ", can not be formed by APCI in the presence of solvents, it is not possible to ionize saturated hydrocarbons or other compounds of low gas-phase basicity. 

Cuprous ammonium acetate extraction. Butadiene is purified by aqueous CAA extraction in a liquid-gas countercurrent process developed by Exxon (67-69). The cuprous salt forms a soluble addition complex with butadiene, which is decomposed by heat thus the process is adaptable to countercurrent multistage equipment. Typically, the C4 hydrocarbon mixture with a butadiene content of 30-40% contacts the CAA solution in a countercurrent fashion in a series of mixer-settlers. Cooling to ca -15°C is required to promote complex formation. The more saturated hydrocarbons, butanes, and butenes are first removed by distillation. Butadiene is released from the complex by further heating to 80° C. After ammonia is removed by washing with water, distillation produces butadiene that is 98-99% pure. Acetylenes and allenes are extracted with the butadiene but must... 

Polyvinyl chloride Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) pipe and tubing are available in sizes 12 in and smaller for PVC and 4 in and smaller for CPVC. They have excellent resistance at room temperature to salts, ammonium hydroxide, and sulfuric, nitric, acetic, and hydrochloric acid but may be damaged by ketones, aromatics, and some chlorinated hydrocarbons. 

This product is best obtained by heating dehydroquininc with about five times its weight of arsenic trichloride in an oil-bath at 130" to 135" for three hours, in the absence of a solvent. It may also be prepared by digesting the previous compound with aqueous ammonium carbonate. It darkens at 199° to 200° C., sinters at about 204° C., and melts at 207 to 209° C. it is easily soluble in alcohols and pyridine, very sparingly soluble in chloroform and acetone, and insoluble in ether, ethyl acetate, aromatic hydrocarbons, and carbon disulphide. Its salts arc not crystalline. The fact that it forms a benzoyl derivative shows the presence of a free hydroxyl group, and consequently the attachment of the arsenic to the vinyl group. 

The ketone, the hydrogenation catalysts and the ammonium salt are present in an aqueous solution which may also contain a suitable organic solvent or solvents inert to the reactants and the products formed by the reaction As examples of useful organic solvents, mention may be made of alcohols such as methanol, ethanol and propanol ethers such as ethyl ether, propyl ether and ethyl hexyl ether esters such as methyl acetate, ethyl formate and amyl acetate, and various acids and hydrocarbon solvents well known in the art. 

Commercial tetralin contains naphthalene as the principal impurity and this interferes with the preparation of tetralin-1-hydroperoxide or with use of the hydrocarbon as hydrogen donor in hydrogen-transfer reactions. An early purification procedure is uninviting fractionation extraction in turn with mercury (to remove sulfur impurities), with mercuric acetate solution (to remove olefins), and with sulfuric acid fractionation. More recently Bass sulfonated the crude hydrocarbon with coned, sulfuric acid and added ammonium chloride to precipitate ammonium tetralin-6-sulfonate. The salt was crystallized until pure and hydrolyzed by steam distillation from sulfuric acid solution. Distillation from sodium gave material showing no ultraviolet bands characteristic of naphthalene. 

---