Ammonia effect

Many initiators, such as alkyl and aryllithium and sodium and lithium suspensions in liquid ammonia, effect the polymerization. For example, acrylonitrile combined with n-butyllithium forms a carbanion intermediate ... 

In contrast, aqueous ethanolic ammonia effects initial nucleophilic displacement of bromide, which is followed by ring closure of the benzylamine so-formed at the aldehyde group to give 5//-dibenz[f, f]azepines 48.85 The (1-bromoethyl) aldehyde 47 undergoes ring closure with benzylamine to give 6-benzyl-5-methyl-5//-dibenz[c t>]azepinium bromide (49, R = Me), whereas the (bromomethyl) aldehyde 45 yields a mixture of the quaternary salt 50 and the aldimine 51, which cyclizes in situ to the aziridinophenanthrene 52 in low yield (9%). 

Solutions of these metals in liquid ammonia effect (i) the reduction of a range of functional groups such as carbonyl and acetylenic and also conjugated and aromatic systems, and (ii) cleavage of benzyl and allyl ethers and thioethers. These reactions are usually carried out by the general procedure of adding the metal to a solution of the substrate in liquid ammonia to which dry methanol or ethanol or t-butanol has been added to provide a ready proton source (alcohols are more acidic than ammonia).34... 

Ammonia effects TT overlying water, pore water I (Bartsch et al., 2003)... 

Alkalies partly decompose the salt in the warm, whilst ammonia effects its complete decomposition. 

Ough, C.S., Crowell, E.A., and Mooney, L.A. (1988). Formation of ethyl carbamate precursors during grape juice (Chardonnay) fermentation. I. Addition of amino acids, urea, and ammonia effects of fortification on intracellular and extracellular precursors, Am. J. Enol. Vitic., 39(3), 243-249. 

Renal Effects. No studies were loeated regarding renal effects in humans after inhalation exposure to ammonia. In animals, renal effects do not appear to be an important feature of the toxicity of inhaled ammonia. Effects reported have not been corroborated or cannot be interpreted. Mild abnormalities in the renal tubules have been described in guinea pigs exposed to 170 ppm for 12 weeks, 5 days/week,... 

Visek WJ, Kolodny GM, Gross PR. 1972. Ammonia effects in cultures of normal and transformed 3T3 cells. J Cell Physiol 1972 373-381. 

Wysmyk U, Oka SS, Saransaari P, et al. 1994. Long-term treatment with ammonia effects the content and release of taurine in cultured crebellar astrocytes and granule neurons. Neurochem Int 24(4) 317-322. 

When ammonia was added continuously, which would be the normal mode of operation, the response curve was generally like that in Figure 2, even at low temperatures. Figure 5 demonstrates that equilibrium response was linear with the NO level up to NO/NH3 = 0.5 at 220°C and 1 ftVhr. Equilibrium values for continuous ammonia addition appeared to be the same as those for premixed ammonia and nitric oxide provided a correction was applied for ammonia response at elevated temperatures. With continuous ammonia addition, this ammonia effect was nullified electronically. 

The solubilization behaviors of water and aqueous ammonia solutions in the NP5/cyclohexane/water microemulsion system are compared in Fig. 4 [78]. It can be seen that replacing water with ammonium hydroxide solution shifts the solubilization curve to lower temperatures. The observed ammonia effect is attributable to a competition between hydroxyl ions and the oxyethylene groups of the surfactant for interaction with water molecules. The microemulsion-based alkoxide sol-gel systems provide an interesting example of reactant effects on microemulsion phase stability. In this case, water serves multiple roles, including that of a reaction medium (i.e., microemulsion water pools) and a reactant [for alkoxide hydrolysis, Eq. (13)]. Thus, consumption of water via the alkoxide... 

Figure 11. Preparation of N,N-dimethylformamide, N-raethylformamide and formamide (F) from synthesis gas plus ammonia. Effect of operating temperature. Synthesis conditions as per Table IX catalyst composition Ru3(C0)i2> mmole Ru Bu4PBr, 10.0 g. Product profile INMF,X 2F,0-...

A large, 100 ton storage tank holds the bulk of the plant s ammonia capacity. However, to use the ammonia effectively, it is transferred to a holding tank or ready storage. From the ready storage, the ammonia is dispersed to the various parts of the plant. The distance from the storage tank to the ready storage is approximately one mile. A positive-displacement pump and various control and manual valves are used to transfer the ammonia. Both tanks are fitted with relief valves. 

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