Ammonia atmospheric chemistry

Dentener FI, Crutzen PJ. 1994. A three-dimensional model of the global ammonia cycle. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 19 331-369. 

Maeda, Y., and N. Takenaka, Chemiluminescence Determination of Trace Amounts of Ammonia and Halogen Species in the Environment, in Optical Methods in Atmospheric Chemistry, SPIE, Vol. 1715, pp. 185-193, Bellingham, WA, 1992. 

Society is facing several crucial issues involving atmospheric chemistry, Species containing nitrogen are major players in each. In the troposphere, nitrogen species are catalysts in the photochemical cycles that form ozone, a major urban and rural pollutant, as well as other oxidants (references 1 and 2, and references cited therein), and they are involved in acid precipitation, both as one of the two major acids (nitric acid) and as a base (ammonia) (3, 4). In the stratosphere, where ozone acts as a shield for the... 

The necessary starting point for any study of the chemistry of a planetary atmosphere is the dissociation of molecules, which results from the absorption of solar ultraviolet radiation. This atmospheric chemistry must take into account not only the general characteristics of the atmosphere (constitution), but also its particular chemical constituents (composition). The absorption of solar radiation can be attributed to carbon dioxide (C02) for Mars and Venus, to molecular oxygen (02) for the Earth, and to methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3) for Jupiter and the outer planets. 

A beautiful example of vapor-phase intercalation involves the reaction of lead(II) iodide with hydrazine (Ghorayeb et al., 1984). Lead(II) iodide is a layer structure (Cdl2 structure, P3m, no. 164) which forms large yellow transparent hexagonal crystals. When these crystals are exposed to hydrazine vapor, they turn colorless Similar chemistry is observed with ammonia (Cleary, unpublished results). In the ammonia case, when the colorless intercalated crystals are removed from the ammonia atmosphere, the ammonia deintercalates spontaneously and the crystal returns to its yellow color ... 

Pickard, F.C., Dunn, M.E., Shields, G.C. Comparison of model chemistry and density functional theory thermochemical predictions with experiment for formation of ionic clusters of the ammonium cation complexed with water and ammonia atmospheric implications. J. Phys. Chem. A 2005,109(22), 4905-10. 

Goldstein N Spectral Sciences, Burlington, Massachusetts Development of a diode laser absorption sensor for measurement of trace concentrations of ammonia, for potential applications in atmospheric chemistry and pollution monitoring. U.S. DOE... 

The atmosphere contains many trace gases that are photochemically active. Few, however, attain a significance similar to oxygen or ozone in driving atmospheric chemistry. Table 2-6 gives an overview on the photochemical behavior of atmospheric constituents. The last column indicates whether the photodecomposition of the substance is important to atmospheric chemistry or not. The molecules listed may be subdivided into three groups. (1) For a number of gases such as methane or ammonia that enter... 

Johnson, J. E. and I. S. A. Isaksen (1993) Tropospheric ozone chemistry the imp)act of cloud chemistry. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 16, 99-122 Johnson, M. T. and T. G. Bell (2008) Concept Coupling between DMS emissions and the ocean-atmosphere exchange of ammonia. Environmental Chemistry 5, 259-267 Johnston, H. S. (1971) Reduction of stratospheric ozone by nitrogen catalysts from supersonic transport exhaust. Science 173, 517—522... 

Dentener, F.J. Cmtzen, P.J., 1994 A Three Dimensional Model of the Global Ammonia Cycle , in Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 19 331-369. 

The enzyme systems responsible for fixing atmospheric N2 to form ammonia are known as the nitrogenases. These enzymes function at field temperatures and 0.8 atm N2 pressure, whereas the industrial Haber-Bosch process requires high temperatures (300-400°C) and high pressures (200-300 atm) in a capital-intensive process that relies on burning fossil fuel. Small wonder, then, that the chemistry of the nitrogenases has attracted considerable attention for many years. 

Carothers claimed that he kept going only because he finally received one of Illinois few scholarships, 750 embellished with esteem. But he must also have persevered because he loved chemistry. As he admitted, even the smell of his laboratory coat, saturated with the inexpressibly pungent and complicated odors of lab no. 219 [filled him] with a nostalgia to return to the atmosphere of sweetly blended sulfur dioxide, bromine, chlorine, ammonia, hydrogen chloride, phosgene, chloroacetone, etc., etc., etc. ... 

A chemist designs an experiment to study the chemistry of the atmosphere of the early Ecirth. She constructs an apparatus to combine pure Scimples of the primary volcanic gases that made up the atmosphere billions of years c o carbon dioxide, ammonia, and water vapor. If the partial pressures of these gases are 50 kPa, 80 kPa, and 120 kPa, respectively, what s the pressure of the resulting mixture ... 

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