7-Aminodeacetoxy

There are already several examples of chemicals being produced by microbial fermentation of engineered cell factories, whose production through metabolic engineering has been boosted by the use of genomics tools, e.g., 1,3-propanediol used for polymer production, riboflavin used as a vitamin, and 7-aminodeacetoxy-cephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA) used as a precursor for antibiotics production. Furthermore, in the quest to develop a more sustainable society, the chemical industry is currently developing novel processes for many other fuels and chemicals, e.g., butanol, to be used for fuels, organic acids to be used for polymer production, and amino acids to be used as feed. 

Ring expansion of penicillin G into phenylacetyl-7-aminodeacetoxy-cephalosporanic acid ... 

The setting up of new biotechnology companies (Section 1.4.2) was the key event for the development of biopharmaceuticals based on recombinant technologies. Antibiotic manufacture had been established before this (Section 1.3). Antibiotics are still the most important strategy against bacterial infections. The world production of antibiotics is estimated at over 60000 tons per aimum, valued at more than 30 billion per year [128, 129]. For the synthesis of semisynthetic penicUlins and cephalosporins, the fermentation products penicillin G and cephalosporin, respectively, are hydrolyzed by immobilized enzymes to yield the acid form with the intact P-lactam ring as the active principal 6-APA, 7-ACA, or 7-aminodeacetoxy cephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA). 

From 1975 to 1985, DSM (the Netherlands) produced 7-ADGA (7-aminodeacetoxy cephalosporanic acid), an intermediate for the synthesis of the semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic Cephalexin in a 10-step process. The waste stream was 30-40 kg/kg final product. In 1985, as a result of process optimization of the chemical process and the introduction of recycling, the waste generated per kg product was reduced to a value of 15. DSM-Chemferm introduced a biocatalytic process, comparable with the one used... 

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