Anabolic resistance amino acids

Interventions such as leucine supplementation, ingestion of an adequate amount of essential amino acids or protein following traditional resistance exercise, and low-load BFR to prevent and reverse muscle loss with aging seem hopeful. The key to all of these therapeutic techniques is in their ability to overcome anabolic resistance to exercise and nutrients by stimulating muscle protein synthesis and translation initiation through the mTORCl pathway. 

Drummond MJ, Dreyer HC, Pennings B et al. (2008) Skeletal muscle protein anabolic response to resistance exercise and essential amino acids is delayed with aging. J Appl Physiol 104, 1452-1461. 

Rasmussen BB, Tipton KD, Miller SL et al. (2000) An oral essential amino acid-carbohydrate supplement enhances muscle protein anabolism after resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol 88, 386-392. 

Willoughby DS, Stout JR, Wilbom CD. (2007) Effects of resistance training and protein plus amino acid supplementation on muscle anabolism, mass, and strength. Amino Adds 32, Aitl-All. 

In contrast to endurance exercise, resistance exercise results in muscle hypertrophy rather than an increase in amino acid oxidation and mitochondrial biogenesis. If, for example, there are no changes in efficiency of amino acid retention, there must, at some point, be a protein intake in excess of basal requirements to provide the amino acids required for anabolism. The extent of this increased need is again a fimction of the basal state of training, the duration, and the intensity of the training program. 

Tipton, K.D., Rasmussen, B.B., Miller, S.L. et al.. Timing of amino acid-carbohydrate ingestion alters anabolic response of muscle to resistance exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 281, E197, 2001. 

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