Amino acid glutamine

For example, the amino acid glutamine is synthesized in cells by the reaction of ammonia with another amino acid, glutamic acid ... 

Effluent and washings with distilled water DEACIDITE 1 Elution with O.ZN ammonia solution Amino acids, glutamine, glucosamine, asparagine. Lower peptides (glutathione) Urea, creatinine, Pigment ( ) (cadmium precipitation possible)... 

The major role of skeletal muscle is movement, which is described and discussed in Chapter 13). Nevertheless, since muscle comprises 40% of the body it is large enough to play a part in control of the blood concentrations of the major fuels glucose, fatty acids, triacylglycerol and some amino acids. Skeletal muscle contains the largest quantity of protein in the body, which is used as a source of amino acids under various conditions (e.g. starvation, trauma, cancer see above). It plays an important part in the metabolism, in particular, of branched-chain amino acids, glutamine and alanine, which are important in the overall metabolism of amino acids in the body (discussed below). 

At least five amino acids - glutamine, glutamate, aspartate, asparagine and arginine - are metabolised largely within the enterocytes of the small intestine. The reactions involved in their metabolism are ... 

It has been considered that glucose and fatty acids (long or short chain) are the major fuels for oxidation in most cells, but the amino acid glutamine is now known to be a major fuel for some cells (Table 9.1). 

Blood (e.g. glucose, tatty acids, amino acids, glutamine)... 

To provide the nutrients for proliferation of the spermatogonia and spermatocytes and maturation of the sperm. These are essential amino acids, glutamine and glucose as fuels and also as precursors for formation of nucleotides essential fatty acids for formation of phospholipids (for discussion of these topics, see Chapters 20 and 21). It is presumed that Sertoli cells extract these compounds from the blood. 

Formation of UTP requires successive phosphorylations using ATP. CTP is, in turn, formed from UTP by an amination reaction in the pyrimidine ring, with the amino acid glutamine supplying the nitrogen this is also an ATP-dependent reaction. 

There are various ways of releasing ammonia (NH3) from amino acids, and these are illustrated here using the example of the amino acids glutamine, glutamate, alanine, and serine. 

The purine ring system is built up step-by-step beginning with 5-phosphoribosylamine. The amino acids glutamine, glycine, and aspartate... 

No common structural motifs are known for the activation domains of transcription factors. Activation domains that are rich in acidic amino acids, glutamines or prolines have been reported. 

In contrast to plant cells, which normally get their cellular energy from photosynthesis, animal cells need a carbohydrate source, usually glucose, and the amino acid glutamine. The catabolism of these substrates allows the production of two coenzymes (ATP and NADH - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), which are essential for maintaining the viability of the cells. These coenzymes can be used for the maintenance, metabolism and/or for the synthesis of particular desired products (Wagner, 1997). 

Glutamine is normally included at a concentration of 1-5 mM, which is a significantly higher concentration than that of any other amino acids. Glutamine is an important precursor for the synthesis of purines, pyrimidines, amino sugars, and asparagine. However, glutamine also has an important role as substrate for the TCA cycle (Butler, 2004). 

Ammonia is toxic at high concentrations, even though ammonium ion, NH4+ is an intermediate in many reactions. For its utilization, ammonia must be incorporated into organic forms, transferred, and then incorporated into other compounds, for example, amino acids and nucleotides. The amino acids glutamine and glutamate and the compound carbamoyl phosphate are the key intermediates of nitrogen assimilation, leading to different classes of compounds. 

TF Throughout my career I ve stuck with the basics, branched-chain amino acids, glutamine, whey... 

The amino acids glutamine and glutamate are central to amino acid metabolism. Explain. 

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